Kantō region
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Kantō region
関東地方 | |
|---|---|
 The Kantō region in comparison to the rest of Japan | |
 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Area | |
• Total | 32,423.9 km2 (12,518.9 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2010) | |
• Total | 42,607,376 |
| • Density | 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
| Gross Regional Product | |
| • Total | JP￥218.563 trillion US$2.044 trillion |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
The Kantō region (関東地方, Kantō-chihō, IPA: [ka(ꜜ)ntoː tɕiꜜhoː]) is a geographical region of Honshu, the largest island of Japan.[2] In a common definition, the region includes the Greater Tokyo Area and encompasses seven prefectures: Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tokyo, Chiba, and Kanagawa. Slightly more than 45 percent of the land area within its boundaries is the Kantō Plain. The rest consists of the hills and mountains that form land borders with other regions of Japan.
As the Kantō region contains Tokyo, the capital and largest city of Japan, the region is considered the center of Japan's politics and economy. According to the official census on October 1, 2010, by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, the population was 42,607,376,[3] amounting to approximately one third of the total population of Japan.
Other definitions
[edit]The Kantō regional governors' association (関東地方知事会, Kantō chihō chijikai) assembles the prefectural governors of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka.[4][5]
The Kantō Regional Development Bureau (関東地方整備局, Kantō chihō seibi-kyoku) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in the national government is responsible for eight prefectures generally (Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi) and parts of the waterways in two others (Nagano and Shizuoka).[6]
The Kantō Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry (関東経済産業局, Kantō keizai-sangyō-kyoku) is responsible for eleven prefectures: Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano and Shizuoka.[7]
In the police organization of Japan, the National Police Agency's supervisory office for Kantō (関東管区警察局, Kantō kanku keisatsu-kyoku) is responsible for the Prefectural police departments of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano and Shizuoka.[8] Tokyo is not part of Kantō or any NPA region, its police has a dedicated liaison office with the national agency of its own.[citation needed]
Geography
[edit]
The surface geology of the Kantō Plain is the Quaternary alluvium and diluvium. The low mountain vegetation at an altitude of about 500 to 900 m in and around the plain is an evergreen broad-leaved forest zone. The distribution height range of laurel forests is 900 m in Hakone, about 800 m in Tanzawa and Takao, about 700 m in Okutama, Oku Musashi and Oku Chichibu, about 600 m in Nishijoshu, Akagiyama, Ashio Mountains and Tsukuba Mountains and about 500 m in Kitage and Nasu Mountains.
Over the evergreen broad-leaved forest are deciduous broad-leaved forests such as beech, birch, and Quercus crispula. In addition, coniferous forests such as Abies veitchii and Betula ermanii spread above the deciduous broad-leaved forest from an altitude of about 1100 m higher than the lower limit of the deciduous broad-leaved forest.
Mountains are spread out such as the Taishaku Mountains, Mt. Takahara, Mt. Nasu, Mt. Yamizo, and Mt. The Kantō Plain, which is the largest plain in Japan. Just north of the Enna Hills is Japan's largest alluvial fan Nasuno at the foot of Mt. The Kujukuri Plain. The southern part of Chiba Prefecture is the Boso hills. The area around Kasumigaura in Ibaraki Prefecture is the Joso plateau and Hitachi plateau. Gunma Prefecture and the Chichibu region of Saitama Prefecture are basins. Rivers such as the Arakawa and Edo rivers pour into Tokyo Bay, and the Kinugawa and Tone rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean in Inubōsaki.
Tokyo Bay is surrounded by the Boso Peninsula and the Miura Peninsula, facing the west side of Chiba Prefecture, a part of Tokyo and the east side of Kanagawa Prefecture, and borders the Pacific Ocean from Uraga Suido. The coastal area is an industrial area. The south side of Kanagawa Prefecture faces Sagami Bay and Sagami Nada. The southern coast of Ibaraki Prefecture faces Kashima Nada. The Sagami Trough, which was the epicenter of the two Kanto earthquakes, passes through Sagami Bay. Efforts are being made to take safety measures against earthquakes in various places.
The highest point is the summit of Mt. Nikko-Shirane (Mt. Oku-Shirane) on the border between Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture and Katashina Village, Gunma Prefecture. It is the eighth highest point in Japan's prefectures. It is also the highest point north of Kanto (Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido). The highest points of the prefectures are Mt. Sanpo (2,483 m) in Saitama, Mt. Kumotori (2,017 m) in Tokyo, Mt. Hiru (1,673 m) in Kanagawa, Mt. Yamizo (1,022 m) in Ibaraki, and Mt. Atago (408 m) in Chiba. Atagoyama in Chiba Prefecture is the lowest among the highest peaks in each prefecture.
The region experiences a humid subtropical climate with a summer to fall precipitation maximum (Cfa/Cwa).
History
[edit]
The heartland of feudal power during the Kamakura period.[citation needed]
Kamakura is the political capital and it served as the seat of the Kamakura shogunate from 1185 to 1333, established by Minamoto no Yoritomo.
It was the first military government in Japan's history. Kamakura flourished until the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate, and its political functions returned to Kyoto in 1392.
In 1591, Tokugawa Ieyasu gave up control of his five provinces (Mikawa, Tōtōmi, Suruga, Shinano, and Kai) and moved all his soldiers and vassals to his new eight provinces in the Kantō region. The proclamation of this decision happened on the same day Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the de facto ruler of Japan at that time, entered Odawara castle following the surrender of the Hōjō clan after the Siege of Odawara (1590).[9] The moment Ieyasu appointed to rule Kantō, he immediately assign his premier vassals such as Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Ietsugu, son of Sakai Tadatsugu, each to control large area of the former Hōjō clan territories in Kantō. Historian such as Kawamura saw this step was meant to bring order the newly subdued population of the area, while also to guard the eastern domains from the influence or threat from the Satomi clan which was not yet submit to the rule of Toyotomi at that time.[10][11] The governors of Kantō region under Ieyasu rule:
| Province | Territory | Koku | Daimyo | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kōzuke Province | Minowa (later Takasaki Domain) | 120,000 | Ii Naomasa[12] | |
| Tatebayashi Domain | 100,000 | Sakakibara Yasumasa[13] | ||
| Maebashi Domain | 33,000 | Hiraiwa Chikayoshi[14] | ||
| Shiroi Domain | 20,000 | Honda Yasushige[15] | The total domain revenue was 33,000. However, the 13,000 of its koku revenue were controlled by the father of Yasushige instead, Honda Hirotaka. | |
| Miyazaki (Obata Domain) | 30,000 | Okudaira Nobumasa[16] | ||
| Fujioka | 30,000 | Yoda Yasukatsu (依田康勝)[17] | ||
| Ogo Domain | 20,000 | Makino Yasunari[18] | ||
| Yoshii Domain | 20,000 | Suganuma Sadatsugu[19] | ||
| Sōja Domain | 12,000 | Suwa Yorimizu[20] | ||
| Naba Domain | 10,000 | Matsudaira Ienobu[20] | ||
| Shimotsuke Province | Minagawa Domain | 10,000 | Minagawa Hiroteru[21] | |
| Shimōsa Province | Yūki Domain & Tsuchiura Castle | 101,000 | Yuki Hideyasu[22] | |
| Yahagi Domain | 40,000 | Torii Mototada[23] | ||
| Usui Domain | 30,000 | Sakai Ietsugu[24] | ||
| Koga Domain | 30,000 | Ogasawara Hidemasa[25][26] | ||
| Sekiyado Domain | 20,000 koku | Matsudaira Yasumoto[27] | ||
| Yamasaki Domain | 12,000 | Okabe Nagamori[28] | ||
| Ashido Domain | 10,000 | Kiso Yoshimasa[29] | ||
| Moriya Domain | 10,000 | Suganuma Sadamasa[30] | ||
| Tako Domain | 10,000 | Hoshina Masamitsu[31] | ||
| Sakura Domain | 10,000 | Miura Shigenari (三浦重成)[32][33][34] | ||
| Iwatomi Domain | 10,000 | Hōjō Ujikatsu | ||
| Musashi Province | Iwatsuki Domain | 20,000 | Kōriki Kiyonaga | |
| Kisai Domain | 20,000 | Matsudaira Yasushige[35] | ||
| Kawagoe Domain | 10,000 koku | Sakai Shigetada[36] | ||
| Musashi Komuro Domain | 10,000 | Ina Tadatsugu [37] | ||
| Musashi Matsuyama Domain | 10,000 | Matsudaira Iehiro (松平家広)[38] | ||
| Oshi Domain | 10,000 | Matsudaira Ietada | ||
| Hanyu Domain | 20,000 | Ōkubo Tadachika[39] | ||
| Fukaya Domain | 10,000 | Matsudaira Yasutada[40] | ||
| Tōhō Domain | 10,000 | Matsudaira Yasunaga[41] | ||
| Honjō Domain | 10,000 | Ogasawara Nobumine (小笠原信嶺) | ||
| Aho Domain | 10,000 | Suganuma Sadamitsu[42] | ||
| Hachimanyama Domain | 10,000 | Matsudaira Kiyomune (松平清宗) | ||
| Kazusa Province | Ōtaki Domain | 100,000 | Honda Tadakatsu | Initially the capital of Domain were in Mangi castle |
| Kururi Domain | 30,000 | Ōsuga Tadamasa | ||
| Sanuki Domain | 20,000 | Naitō Ienaga | ||
| Naruto Domain | 20,000 | Ishikawa Yasumichi | ||
| Sagami Province | Odawara Domain | 45,000 | Ōkubo Tadayo | |
| Tamanawa Domain | 10,000 | Honda Masanobu | ||
| Izu Province | Nirayama Domain | 10,000 | Naitō Nobunari |
Meanwhile, Ieyasu himself establish his personal new seat of power on Edo town, which at that time was an underdeveloped town in Kantō.[43] [a]
In the Edo period, Kanto became the center of modern development. Within the Greater Tokyo Area and especially the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area, Kanto houses not only Japan's seat of government but also the nation's largest group of universities and cultural institutions, the greatest population and a large industrial zone. Although most of the Kanto plain is used for residential, commercial or industrial construction, it is still farmed. Rice is the principal crop, although the zone around Tokyo and Yokohama has been landscaped to grow garden produce for the metropolitan market.[citation needed]
In between January 1918 and April 1920, Japan was afflicted by Spanish flu pandemic, which claimed more than 400,000 Japanese lives.[citation needed]
A watershed moment of Japan's modern history took place in the late Taishō period: the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923. The quake, which claimed more than 100,000 lives and ravaged Greater Tokyo area, occurred at a time when Japan was still reeling from the economic recession in reaction to the high-flying years during World War I.[citation needed]
Operation Coronet, part of Operation Downfall, the proposed Allied invasion of Japan during World War II, was scheduled to land on the Kantō Plain.
The name Kanto literally means "East of the Barrier". The name Kanto is nowadays generally considered to mean the region east (東) of the Hakone Barrier (箱根関). An antonym of Kanto, "West of the Barrier" means the Kansai region, which lies western Honshu and was the center of feudal Japan.[citation needed]
After the Great Kanto earthquake (1923), many people in Kanto started creating art with different varieties of colors. They made art of earthquake and small towns to symbolize the small towns destroyed in the quake.[citation needed]
Subdivisions
[edit]North and South
[edit]The most often used subdivision of the region is dividing it to "North Kantō" (北関東, Kita-Kantō), consisting of Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Gunma prefectures, and "South Kantō" (南関東, Minami-Kantō), consisting of Saitama (sometimes classified North),[citation needed][by whom?] Chiba, Tokyo Metropolis (sometimes singulated),[citation needed] and Kanagawa prefectures.[citation needed] South Kantō is often regarded as synonymous with the Greater Tokyo Area. As part of Japan's attempts to predict earthquakes, an area roughly corresponding to South Kantō has been designated an 'Area of Intensified Observation' by the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.[46]
The Japanese House of Representatives' divides it into the North Kantō (北関東, Kita-Kantō) electorate which consists of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, and Saitama prefectures, Tokyo electorate, and the South Kantō (南関東, Minami-Kantō) electorate which consists of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Yamanashi prefectures (note that Yamanashi is out of the Kantō region in the orthodox definition).
Keirin's South Kantō (南関東, Minami-Kantō) consists of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka prefectures.
East and West
[edit]This division is not often but sometimes used.
- East Kantō (東関東, Higashi-Kantō): Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Chiba prefectures.
- West Kantō (西関東, Nishi-Kantō): Gunma, Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa (and sometimes Yamanashi) prefectures.
Inland and Coastal
[edit]This division is sometimes used in economics and geography. The border can be modified if the topography is taken for prefectural boundaries.
- Inland Kantō (関東内陸部, Kantō nairiku-bu): Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama (and sometimes Yamanashi) prefectures.
- Coastal Kantō (関東沿岸部, Kantō engan-bu): Ibaraki, Chiba, Tokyo, and Kanagawa prefectures.
Greater Kantō
[edit]The Japanese national government defines the National Capital Region (首都圏, Shuto-ken) as the Kantō region plus Yamanashi Prefecture. Japan's national public broadcaster NHK uses Kantō-kō-shin-etsu (関東甲信越) involving Yamanashi, Nagano, and Niigata prefectures for regional programming and administration.
Cities
[edit] |
The Kantō region is the most highly developed, urbanized, and industrialized part of Japan. Tokyo and Yokohama form a single industrial complex with a concentration of light and heavy industry along Tokyo Bay. Other major cities in the area include Kawasaki (in Kanagawa Prefecture); Saitama (in Saitama Prefecture); and Chiba (in Chiba Prefecture). Smaller cities, farther away from the coast, house substantial light and automotive industries. The average population density reached 1,192 persons per square kilometer in 1991.
Economy
[edit]The Kantō region largely corresponds to the Tokyo Metropolitan Area with the exception that it does not contain Yamanashi prefecture.
The Tokyo Metropolitan Area has the largest city economy in the world and is one of the major global center of trade and commerce along with New York City, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Paris, Seoul, and London.
Greater Tokyo Area 2005
[edit]
- 2005 average exchange rate (1 U.S. Dollar = 110.22 Yen)[47]
| Prefecture | Gross Prefecture Product (in billion Yen) |
Gross Prefecture Product (in billion US$) |
|---|---|---|
| Tokyo | 92,269 | 837 |
| Kanagawa | 31,184 | 282 |
| Saitama | 20,650 | 187 |
| Chiba | 19,917 | 180 |
| Ibaraki | 10,955 | 99 |
| Tochigi | 8,195 | 74 |
| Gunma | 7,550 | 68 |
Source[48]
GDP (purchasing power parity)
[edit]
The agglomeration of Tokyo is the world's largest economy, with the largest gross metropolitan product at purchasing power parity (PPP) in the world according to a study by PricewaterhouseCoopers.[49]
Kanto Region Metropolitan Employment Area
[edit]| Year | 2010 | 1995 | 1980 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employed Persons 000's | 16,234 | 16,381 | 12,760 |
| Production (billion USD) | 1,797 | 1,491 | 358 |
| Production Manufacturing (billion USD) | 216 | 476 | 159 |
| Private Capital Stock (billion USD) | 3,618 | 2,631 | 368 |
| Social Overhead Capital (billion USD) | 1,607 | 1,417 | 310 |
| 1 U.S. Dollar (Japanese yen) | 87.780 | 94.060 | 226.741 |
Sources:,[50] Conversion rates - Exchange rates - OECD Data
Population
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | 11,127,000 | — |
| 1930 | 13,773,000 | +23.8% |
| 1940 | 16,866,000 | +22.5% |
| 1950 | 18,241,000 | +8.2% |
| 1960 | 23,003,000 | +26.1% |
| 1970 | 29,496,000 | +28.2% |
| 1980 | 34,896,000 | +18.3% |
| 1990 | 38,542,000 | +10.4% |
| 2000 | 40,433,711 | +4.9% |
| 2010 | 42,604,085 | +5.4% |
| 2020 | 43,653,441 | +2.5% |
The population of Kantō region is very similar to that of the Greater Tokyo Area[51][better source needed] except that it does not contain Yamanashi Prefecture and contains the rural populations throughout the region.
Per Japanese census data,[52] and the Kantō region's data,[53] population has continuously grown but the population growth rate has slowed since early 1992.
The Kantō region at the 2020 census had a population of 43.65 million people.[54]
See also
[edit]
- Geography of Japan
- Kanto, a fictional region in the Pokémon franchise which is based on Kantō
- Kantō dialect
- Kantō Fureai Trail, aka Capital Region Nature Trail, a collection of hiking trails circumnavigating the entire Kantō region
- Kantō Plain
Appendix
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Historian Adam Sadler saw this step as the riskiest move Ieyasu ever made—to leave his home province and rely on the uncertain loyalty of the formerly Hōjō clan samurai in Kantō. In the end however, it worked out brilliantly for Ieyasu. He reformed the Kantō region, controlled and pacified the Hōjō samurai and improved the underlying economic infrastructure of the lands. Also, because Kantō was somewhat isolated from the rest of Japan, Ieyasu was able to ally with daimyos of north-east Japan such as Date Masamune, Mogami Yoshiaki, Satake Yoshishige and Nanbu Nobunao; he was also able to maintain a unique level of autonomy from Toyotomi Hideyoshi's rule. Within a few years, Ieyasu had become the second most powerful daimyo in Japan. It was said by anecdotal proverb that: "Ieyasu won the Empire by retreating."[44] Historian Watanabe Daimon stated that the general opinion was that Ieyasu was reluctant about his transfer to Kantō. However, Daimon stated that thinking Ieyasu was reluctant was an opinion of a later era. Daimon suspected that Ieyasu actually saw this transfer positively as he realised a huge undeveloped potential by making Edo as his seat of power.[45] Historian Andō yūichirō further added, the true intention of Hideyoshi transferring Ieyasu to Kantō was to weaken the power of the Tokugawa clan by moving them from their ancestral land in Mikawa, as he expected the former Hōjō vassals in Kantō would rebel against Ieyasu. However, this backfired as Ieyasu not only doubled the territories he control, but he also further added the bulk of new vassals in Kantō to the already impressive political and military power of Tokugawa regime as they already absorbed the army of Imagawa clan and Takeda clan before.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ "県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞".
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kanto" in Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 478–479, p. 478, at Google Books
- ^ "政府統計の総合窓口". E-stat.go.jp. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
- ^ Saitama prefectural government: Kantō regional governors' association (in Japanese)
- ^ Chiba prefectural government: Kantō regional governors' association (in Japanese)
- ^ MLIT: Kanto Regional Development Bureau (in Japanese)
- ^ METI: Kanto Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry, Organizational overview Archived June 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
- ^ National Police Agency: Kantō regional police supervision office, Jurisdiction (in Japanese)
- ^ a b Andō yūichirō (2022). "だから織田と豊臣はあっさり潰れた…徳川家康が｢戦国最後の天下人｣になれた本当の理由" [The reason why Oda and Toyotomi were easily defeated... Tokugawa Ieyasu was the "last of the Sengoku period."]. President Online (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ Yuu Kawamura. "徳川家康の新領国に対する家臣団配置―小田原落城直後の上総の一動向―" [Deployment of Tokugawa Ieyasu’s vassals in his new territory: Movements in Kazusa immediately after the fall of Odawara Castle]. 歴史手帳』6巻2号）(History Notebook, Vol. 6, No. 2) (in Japanese).
- ^ Otaki Town History Editorial Committee (1991). 大多喜町史 [Otaki Town History]. Otaki, Chiba Prefecture. pp. 310–311. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ 高崎市史編さん委員会 (1968). 高崎市史 Volume 1 (in Japanese). 高崎市. p. 151. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
- ^ 館林市史編さん委員会 (2016). 館林市史 通史編2 近世館林の歴史 [Tatebayashi City History General History Part 2 Early Modern Tatebayashi History]. 館林市.
- ^ 日本史広辞典編集委員会 (2000). 日本史要覧 [Japanese History Handbook] (in Japanese). 山川出版社. p. 121. ISBN 4634607204. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ "旧子持村地区の文化財". 渋川市観光情報. 渋川市.
- ^ Papinot, Edmund. (2003). Nobiliare du Japon -- Okudaira, p. 47; Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon. (in French/German).
- ^ 南佐久郡誌編纂委員会, ed. (2002), 南佐久郡誌, vol. 近世編, 南佐久郡誌刊行会, p. 5
- ^ "牧野駿河守家（まきのするがのかみけ）". 前橋市. 2019.
- ^ "菅沼定利墓碑". Takasaki city Cultural Property Information (in Japanese). Takasaki City. 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ a b "上 野 国 ・ 戦 国 時 代 そ の ５ 戦 国 末 期 か ら 徳 川 政 権 へ" (PDF). water.go.jp/ (in Japanese). Incorporated Administrative Agency Japan Water Agency Gunma Canal. 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ 竹内理三, 角川日本地名大辞典編纂委員会 (1978). 角川日本地名大辞典: 栃木県 (in Japanese). 角川書店. p. 33. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ Kazuhiko Kasaya (笠谷和比古) (2007). 関ヶ原合戦と大坂の陣 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. p. 56. ISBN 978-4642063272. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ Shigezane Okaya (岡谷繁実) (2008). ［新訳］名将言行録: 大乱世を生き抜いた192人のサムライたち. Translated by 兵頭二十八. PHP研究所. p. 69. ISBN 9784569702667.
- ^ Papinot, p. 50.
- ^ 早川 2011, p. 22.
- ^ 阿部 & 西村 1990, p. 199.
- ^ 小山市史編さん委員会 (1980). 小山市史: Kinsei (in Japanese). 小山市. p. 1180.
- ^ 千葉県史料研究財団 (1996). 千葉県の歴史: 別編, Volume 6 (in Japanese). 千葉県. p. 471. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ Renzaburō Shibata (1969). 真田幸村 (in Japanese). グーテンベルク. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ "土岐氏の経歴". 守谷市／守谷市デジタルミュージアム (in Japanese). pp. 189–190. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ 竹内理三, 角川日本地名大辞典編纂委員会 (1978). 角川日本地名大辞典: 千葉県 (in Japanese). 角川書店. p. 532. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ "佐倉藩 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)". Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ "佐倉藩 世界大百科事典 第２版". 平凡社.
- ^ "家康の関東支配と上総武士の去就 (2) 三浦監物の町域支配 大網村（大網白里町史） 大網白里市／大網白里市デジタル博物館（ADEAC所収）".
- ^ 笠間市史編さん委員会 (1988). 図說笠間市史: 市制三十周年記念 (in Japanese). 笠間市. p. 71. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ 金井忠夫 (1997). 利根川の歴史: 源流から河口まで (in Japanese). 近代文芸社. p. 253. ISBN 9784890390885. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ 北島正元 (1978). 幕藩制国家成立過程の硏究: 寬永期を中心に (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. p. 26. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ 新編埼玉県史: Kinsei (in Japanese). 埼玉県. 1987. pp. 31, 182. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ Shigeru Suda (1989). 武蔵国藩史総覧 (in Japanese). 聚海書林. pp. 101–102. ISBN 4915521443. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ 町田市史編纂委員会 (1974). 町田市史, Volume 1 (in Japanese). 町田市. p. 721.
- ^ Akira Tsujimura (辻村明) (2001). 地方都市の風格: 歴史社会学の試み (in Japanese). 東京創元社. p. 90. ISBN 4488006086.
- ^ 地方史研究協議会 (1983). 日本史文献年鑑 (in Japanese). 柏書房. p. 189. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ Nakamura 2010, p. 210.
- ^ Sadler, p. 164.
- ^ "徳川家康は泣く泣く江戸に行ったのではなく、実は前向きだった". yahoo.co.jp/expert (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ Avances en prevención de desastres sísmicos en Japón. Outline of countermeasures for the Tōkai earthquake (Section B) Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine N Honda, published March 1994, accessed 2011-03-25
- ^ "Annual Average Exchange Rate". Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ 平成19年度県民経済計算 Archived 2010-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". www.citymayors.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
- ^ Yoshitsugu Kanemoto. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
- ^ Tokyo MEA
- ^ "Tōkyō (Japan): Prefecture, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de.
- ^ "Japan Prefectures Population from 1920 and Area". www.demographia.com.
- ^ "Population Census 2020".
Bibliography
[edit]- 早川, 和見 (2011), 古河藩, シリーズ藩物語, 現代書館, ISBN 978-4-7684-7124-1
- 阿部, 猛; 西村, 圭子 (1990), 戦国人名事典 (コンパクト ed.), 新人物往来社, ISBN 4-404-01752-9
- Nakamura, Akira (2010). 図解雑学 徳川家康 (図解雑学シーリーズ) (in Japanese). Natsume Company. ISBN -978-4816332661.
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. "Kanto". Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Kantō region at Wikimedia Commons
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
