Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania Lietuvos Respublika (Lithuanian) | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: Tautiška giesmė "National Hymn" | |
![Location of Lithuania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]](/wiki/File:EU-Lithuania.svg) Location of Lithuania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Vilnius 54°41′N 25°19′E / 54.683°N 25.317°E |
| Official languages | Lithuanian[1] |
| Ethnic groups (2024[2]) |
|
| Religion (2021[3]) |
|
| Demonym(s) | Lithuanian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic[4][5][6][7] |
| Gitanas Nausėda | |
| Ingrida Šimonytė | |
| Saulius Skvernelis | |
| Legislature | Seimas |
| Formation | |
| 9 March 1009 | |
| 1236 | |
• Coronation of Mindaugas | 6 July 1253 |
| 2 February 1386 | |
• Commonwealth created | 1 July 1569 |
| 24 October 1795 | |
| 16 February 1918 | |
| 19 June 1940 | |
| 11 March 1990 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi) (121st) |
• Water (%) | 1.98 (2015)[8] |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate |  2,885,891[9] (135th) |
• Density | 44/km2 (114.0/sq mi) (138th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $144.585 billion[10] (88th) |
• Per capita | $50,600[10] (39th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $81.979 billion[10] (78th) |
• Per capita | $28,407[10] (40th) |
| Gini (2022) |  36.2[11]medium inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.879[12] very high (37th) |
| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Calling code | +370 |
| ISO 3166 code | LT |
| Internet TLD | .lt |
Lithuania,[a] officially the Republic of Lithuania,[b] is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.[c] It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian semi-exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest, with a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), with a population of 2.88 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius.
For millennia, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united for the first time by Mindaugas, who formed the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July 1253. Subsequent expansion and consolidation resulted in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which by the 14th century was the largest country in Europe.[22] In 1386, the Grand Duchy entered into a de facto personal union with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The two realms were united into the bi-confederal Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, forming one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries gradually dismantled it between 1772 and 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
Towards the end of World War I, Lithuania declared Independence in 1918, founding the modern Republic of Lithuania. In World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, before being reoccupied by the Soviets in 1944. Lithuanian armed resistance to the Soviet occupation lasted until the early 1950s. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to break away when it proclaimed the restoration of its independence.[23]
Lithuania is a developed country with a high income, advanced economy, ranking 37th in the Human Development Index (HDI) and 19th in the World Happiness Report.[24] Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the eurozone, the Nordic Investment Bank, the Schengen Agreement, NATO, and OECD. It also participates in the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) regional co-operation format.
Etymology
[edit]
The first known record of the name of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuva) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle.[25] The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva: Litua[26] (pronounced [litua]). Due to lack of reliable evidence, the true meaning of the name is unknown and scholars still debate it. There are a few plausible versions.[27] Lietava, a small river not far from Kernavė, the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania, is usually credited as the source of the name.[28] However, the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation. On the other hand, such naming is not unprecedented in world history.[29] Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis,[30] that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai (plural of leitis). From the middle of the 13th century, leičiai were a distinct warrior social group of the Lithuanian society subordinate to the Lithuanian ruler or the state itself. The word leičiai is used in 14–16th century historical sources as an ethnonym for Lithuanians (but not Samogitians) and is still used, usually poetically or in historical contexts, in the Latvian language, which is closely related to Lithuanian.[31][32][33]
History
[edit]Early history and Baltic tribes
[edit]
The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded about 10,000 years ago.[34][35] The first people settled in the territory of Lithuania after the last glacial period in the 10th millennium BC: Kunda, Neman and Narva cultures.[36] They were traveling hunters. In the 8th millennium BC, the climate became warmer, and forests developed. The inhabitants of what is now Lithuania travelled less and engaged in local hunting, gathering and fresh-water fishing. The Indo-Europeans, who arrived in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, mixed with the local population and formed various Baltic tribes.[37] The Baltic tribes did not maintain close cultural or political contacts with the Roman Empire,[38] but they did maintain trade contacts via the amber road.
From the 9th to the 11th centuries, coastal Balts were subjected to raids by the Vikings.[39]
Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
[edit]
.jpg)
The first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.[41] Facing the German threat, Mindaugas in the middle of the 13th century united a large part of the Baltic tribes and founded the State of Lithuania, while in 1253 he was crowned as the Catholic King of Lithuania.[42][43] Moreover by taking advantage of the weakened territory of the former Kievan Rus' due to the Mongol invasion, Mindaugas incorporated Black Ruthenia into Lithuania.[42] After Mindaugas' assassination in 1263, pagan Lithuania was again a target of the Christian crusades of the Teutonic Knights and Livonian Order.[44] Traidenis during his reign (1269–1282) reunified all Lithuanian lands and achieved military successes against the Crusaders, fighting alongside other Baltic tribes, but was unable to militarily assist the Old Prussians in their Great Uprising.[45] Traidenis' main residence was in Kernavė.[45]
From the late 13th century members of the Lithuanian Gediminids dynasty began ruling Lithuania, who consolidated a hereditary monarchy and the status of Vilnius as permanent capital city, christianized Lithuania and by incorporating East Slavs' territories (e.g. principalities of Minsk, Kyiv, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk, etc.) significantly expanded the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's territory, which reached ~650,000 km2 in the first half of the 14th century.[46] At the end of the 14th century Lithuania was the largest country in Europe.[22][40] In 1385, Lithuania formed a dynastic union with Poland through the Union of Krewo.[46] Furthermore, in the late 14th–15th centuries patrilineal members of the Lithuanian ruling Gediminids dynasty ruled not only Lithuania and Poland, but Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, and Moldavia.[47][48] The German attacks on Lithuania were ceased with a decisive Polish–Lithuanian victory in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and by concluding the Treaty of Melno in 1422.[46]
In the 15th century the strengthened Grand Duchy of Moscow renewed the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars for the Lithuanian-controlled Eastern Orthodox territories.[46] Due to the unsuccessful beginning of the Livonian War, loss of land to the Tsardom of Russia, and pressure by monarch Sigismund II Augustus, a supporter of a close Polish–Lithuanian union, the Lithuanian nobility agreed to conclude the Union of Lublin in 1569 with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which created a new federative Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with a joint monarch (holding both titles of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania), but Lithuania remained a separate state from Poland with its own territory (~300 000 km2), coat of arms, management apparatus, laws, courts, seal, army, treasury, etc.[49][46] After concluding the real union Lithuania and Poland jointly managed to reach military successes during the Livonian War, occupation of Moscow (1610), war with Sweden (1600–1611), Smolensk war with Russia (1632–1634), etc.[46][49] In 1588, Sigismund III Vasa personally confirmed the Third Statute of Lithuania where it was stated that Lithuania and Poland have equal rights within the Commonwealth and ensured the separation of powers.[50] The real union strongly intensified the Polonization of Lithuania and Lithuanian nobility.[51]
The mid-17th century was marked with disastrous military loses for Lithuania as during the Deluge most of the territory of Lithuania was annexed by the Tsardom of Russia and even Lithuania's capital Vilnius was fully captured for the first time by a foreign army and ravaged.[52] In 1655, Lithuania unilaterally seceded from Poland, declared the Swedish King Charles X Gustav as the Grand Duke of Lithuania and fell under the protection of the Swedish Empire.[53] However, by 1657 Lithuania was once again a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the Lithuanian revolt against the Swedes.[54] Vilnius was recaptured from the Russians in 1661.[55]
In the second half of the 18th century the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was three times partitioned by three neighboring countries which completely dissoluted both independent Lithuania and Poland from the political map in 1795 after a failed Kościuszko Uprising and short-lived recapture of capital Vilnius in 1794.[46] Most of Lithuania's territory was annexed by the Russian Empire, while Užnemunė was annexed by Prussia.[46]
Efforts to restore statehood
[edit]
Following the annexation the Russian Tsarist authorities implemented Russification policies in Lithuania, which then made a part of a new administrative region Northwestern Krai.[57] In 1812 Napoleon during the French invasion of Russia has established the puppet Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission to support his war efforts, however after Napoleon's defeat the Russian rule was reinstated in Lithuania.[57]
During the November Uprising (1830–1831) the Lithuanians and Poles jointly attempted to restore their statehoods, however the Russian victory resulted in stricter Russification measures: the Russian language was introduced in all government institutions, Vilnius University was closed in 1832, and theories that Lithuania had been a "Western Russian" state since its establishment were propagated.[57] Subsequently, the Lithuanians once again tried to restore statehood by participating in the January Uprising (1863–1864), but yet another Russian victory resulted in even stronger Russification policies with the introduction of the Lithuanian press ban, pressure of the Catholic Church in Lithuania and Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky's repressions.[57][56]
The Lithuanians resisted Russification through an extensive network of Lithuanian book smugglers, secret Lithuanian publishing and homeschooling.[58] Moreover, the Lithuanian National Revival, inspired by Lithuanian history, language and culture, laid the foundations for the reestablishment of an independent Lithuania.[59] The Great Seimas of Vilnius was held in 1905 and its participants adopted resolutions which demanded a wide autonomy for Lithuania.[57]
Restored statehood and occupations
[edit]
During World War I the German Empire annexed Lithuanian territories from the Russian Empire and they became a part of Ober Ost.[60] In 1907, the Lithuanians organized the Vilnius Conference which adopted a resolution, featuring the aspiration for the restoration of Lithuania's sovereignty and military alliance with Germany and elected the Council of Lithuania.[60] In 1918, the short-lived Kingdom of Lithuania was proclaimed; however on 16 February 1918 the Council of Lithuania adopted the Act of Independence of Lithuania which restored Lithuania as democratic republic with its capital in Vilnius and separated that state from all state relations that existed with other nations.[60] In 1918–1920 the Lithuanians defended the statehood of Lithuania during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence with Bolsheviks, Bermontians and Poles.[60] The aims of the newly restored Lithuania clashed with Józef Piłsudski's plans to create a federation (Intermarium) in territories previously ruled by the Jagiellonians.[61] The Lithuanian authorities prevented the 1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania and in 1920 during the Żeligowski's Mutiny the Polish forces captured Vilnius Region and established a puppet state of the Republic of Central Lithuania, which in 1922 was incorporated into Poland.[60] Consequently, Kaunas became the temporary capital of Lithuania where the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania was held and other primary Lithuanian institutions operated until 1940.[62] In 1923, the Klaipėda Revolt was organized which unified the Klaipėda Region with Lithuania.[63] The 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état replaced the democratically elected government and president with an authoritarian regime led by Antanas Smetona.[63]
In the late 1930s Lithuania has accepted the 1938 Polish ultimatum, 1939 German ultimatum and transferred the Klaipėda Region to Nazi Germany and following the beginning of the World War II concluded the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty.[64] In 1940 Lithuania has accepted the Soviet ultimatum and recovered the control of historical capital Vilnius, however the acceptance resulted in the Soviet occupation of Lithuania and its transformation into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.[64] In 1941 during the June Uprising in Lithuania it was attempted to restore independent Lithuania and the Red Army was expelled from its territory, however in a few days Lithuania was occupied by Nazi Germany.[64] In 1944 Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviet Union and Soviet political repressions along with Soviet deportations from Lithuania resumed.[64] Thousands of Lithuanian partisans and their supporters attempted to militarily restore independent Lithuania, but their resistance was eventually suppressed in 1953 by the Soviet authorities and their collaborators.[64] Jonas Žemaitis, the chairman of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters, was captured and executed in 1954, his successor as chairman Adolfas Ramanauskas was brutally tortured and executed in 1957.[65][66] Since the late 1980s Sąjūdis movement sought for the restoration of independent Lithuania and in 1989 the Baltic Way was held.[64]
1990–present
[edit].jpg)
On 11 March 1990, the Supreme Council announced the restoration of Lithuania's independence. Lithuania became the first Soviet-occupied state to announce the restitution of independence. On 20 April 1990, the Soviets imposed an economic blockade by ceasing to deliver supplies of raw materials to Lithuania.[68] Not only domestic industry, but also the population started feeling the lack of fuel, essential goods, and even hot water. Although the blockade lasted for 74 days, Lithuania did not renounce the declaration of independence.
Gradually, economic relations were restored. However, tensions peaked again in January 1991. Attempts were made to carry out a coup using the Soviet Armed Forces, the Internal Army of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the USSR Committee for State Security (KGB). Because of the poor economic situation in Lithuania, the forces in Moscow thought the coup d'état would receive strong public support.[69] People flooded to Vilnius to defend the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania and independence. The coup ended with a few casualties and material loss. The Soviet Army killed 14 people and injured hundreds. A large part of the Lithuanian population participated in the January Events.[70][71] On 31 July 1991, Soviet paramilitaries killed 7 Lithuanian border guards on the Belarusian border in what became known as the Medininkai Massacre.[72] On 17 September 1991, Lithuania was admitted to the United Nations.
On 25 October 1992, citizens voted in a referendum to adopt the current constitution. On 14 February 1993, during the direct general elections, Algirdas Brazauskas became the first president after the restoration of independence. On 31 August 1993 the last units of the former Soviet Army left Lithuania.[73]
On 31 May 2001, Lithuania joined the World Trade Organization (WTO).[74] Since March 2004, Lithuania has been part of NATO.[75] On 1 May 2004, it became a full member of the European Union,[76] and a member of the Schengen Agreement in December 2007.[77] On 1 January 2015, Lithuania joined the eurozone and adopted the European Union's single currency.[78] On 4 July 2018, Lithuania officially joined the OECD.[79] Dalia Grybauskaitė was the first female President of Lithuania (2009–2019) and the first to be re-elected for a second consecutive term.[80] On 24 February 2022, Lithuania declared a state of emergency in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[81] Together with seven other NATO member states, it invoked NATO Article 4 to hold consultations on security.[82] On 11–12 July 2023, the 2023 NATO summit was held in Vilnius.[83]
Geography
[edit]
Lithuania is located in the Baltic region of Europe[c] and covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi).[84] It lies between latitudes 53° and 57° N, and mostly between longitudes 21° and 27° E (part of the Curonian Spit lies west of 21°). It has around 99 kilometres (61.5 mi) of sandy coastline, only about 38 kilometres (24 mi) of which face the open Baltic Sea, less than the other two Baltic states. The rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. Lithuania's major warm-water port, Klaipėda, lies at the narrow mouth of the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršių marios), a shallow lagoon extending south to Kaliningrad. The country's main and largest river, the Nemunas River, and some of its tributaries carry international shipping.
Lithuania lies at the edge of the North European Plain. Its landscape was smoothed by the glaciers of the last ice age, and is a combination of moderate lowlands and highlands. Its highest point is Aukštojas Hill at 294 metres (965 ft) in the eastern part of the country. The terrain features numerous lakes (Lake Vištytis, for example) and wetlands, and a mixed forest zone covers over 33% of the country. Drūkšiai is the largest, Tauragnas is the deepest and Asveja is the longest lake in Lithuania.
After a re-estimation of the boundaries of the continent of Europe in 1989, Jean-George Affholder, a scientist at the Institut Géographique National (French National Geographic Institute), determined that the geographic centre of Europe was in Lithuania, at 54°54′N 25°19′E / 54.900°N 25.317°E, 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of Lithuania's capital city of Vilnius.[85] Affholder accomplished this by calculating the centre of gravity of the geometrical figure of Europe.
Climate
[edit]Lithuania has a temperate climate with both maritime and continental influences. It is defined as humid continental (Dfb) under the Köppen climate classification (but is close to oceanic in a narrow coastal zone).
Average temperatures on the coast are −2.5 °C (27.5 °F) in January and 16 °C (61 °F) in July. In Vilnius, the average temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July. During the summer, 20 °C (68 °F) is common during the day, while 14 °C (57 °F) is common at night; in the past, temperatures have reached as high as 30 or 35 °C (86 or 95 °F). Some winters can be very cold. −20 °C (−4 °F) occurs almost every winter. Winter extremes are −34 °C (−29 °F) in coastal areas and −43 °C (−45 °F) in the east of Lithuania.
The average annual precipitation is 800 mm (31.5 in) on the coast, 900 mm (35.4 in) in the Samogitia highlands, and 600 mm (23.6 in) in the eastern part of the country. Snow occurs every year, and it can snow from October to April. In some years, sleet can fall in September or May. The growing season lasts 202 days in the western part of the country and 169 days in the eastern part. Severe storms are rare in the eastern part of Lithuania but common in the coastal areas.
The longest records of measured temperature in the Baltic area cover about 250 years. The data show warm periods during the latter half of the 18th century, and that the 19th century was a relatively cool period. An early 20th-century warming culminated in the 1930s, followed by a smaller cooling that lasted until the 1960s. A warming trend has persisted since then.[86]
Lithuania experienced a drought in 2002, causing forest and peat bog fires.[87]
Environment
[edit]
.jpg)
After the restoration of Lithuania's independence in 1990, the Aplinkos apsaugos įstatymas (Environmental Protection Act) was adopted already in 1992. The law provided the foundations for regulating social relations in the field of environmental protection, established the basic rights and obligations of legal and natural persons in preserving the biodiversity inherent in Lithuania, ecological systems and the landscape.[89] Lithuania agreed to cut carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990 levels by 2020 and by at least 40% by 2030, together with all European Union members. Also, by 2020 at least 20% (27% by 2030) of the country's total energy consumption should be from the renewable energy sources.[90] In 2016, Lithuania introduced especially effective container deposit legislation, which resulted in collecting 92% of all packagings in 2017.[91]
Lithuania does not have high mountains and its landscape is dominated by blooming meadows, dense forests and fertile fields of cereals. However, it stands out by the abundance of hillforts, which previously had castles where the ancient Lithuanians burned altars for pagan gods.[92] Lithuania is a particularly watered region with more than 3,000 lakes, mostly in the northeast. The country is also drained by numerous rivers, most notably the longest Nemunas.[92] Lithuania is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Central European mixed forests and Sarmatic mixed forests.[93]
Forest has long been one of the most important natural resources in Lithuania. Forests occupy one-third of the country's territory and timber-related industrial production accounts for almost 11% of industrial production in the country.[94] Lithuania has five national parks,[95] 30 regional parks,[96] 402 nature reserves,[97] 668 state-protected natural heritage objects.[98]
In 2018 Lithuania was ranked fifth, second to Sweden (first 3 places were not granted) in the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI).[99] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.62/10, ranking it 162nd globally out of 172 countries.[100]
Biodiversity
[edit]
Lithuanian ecosystems include natural and semi-natural (forests, bogs, wetlands and meadows), and anthropogenic (agrarian and urban) ecosystems. Among natural ecosystems, forests are particularly important to Lithuania, covering 33% of the country's territory. Wetlands (raised bogs, fens, transitional mires, etc.) cover 7.9% of the country, with 70% of wetlands having been lost due to drainage and peat extraction between 1960 and 1980. Changes in wetland plant communities resulted in the replacement of moss and grass communities by trees and shrubs, and fens not directly affected by land reclamation have become drier as a result of a drop in the water table. There are 29,000 rivers with a total length of 64,000 km in Lithuania, the Nemunas River basin occupying 74% of the territory of the country. Due to the construction of dams, approximately 70% of spawning sites of potential catadromous fish species have disappeared. In some cases, river and lake ecosystems continue to be impacted by anthropogenic eutrophication.[103]
Agricultural land comprises 54% of Lithuania's territory (roughly 70% of that is arable land and 30% meadows and pastures), approximately 400,000 ha of agricultural land is not farmed, and acts as an ecological niche for weeds and invasive plant species. Habitat deterioration is occurring in regions with very productive and expensive lands as crop areas are expanded. Currently, 18.9% of all plant species, including 1.87% of all known fungi species and 31% of all known species of lichens, are listed in the Lithuanian Red Data Book. The list also contains 8% of all fish species.[103]
The wildlife populations have rebounded as the hunting became more restricted and urbanization allowed replanting forests (forests already tripled in size since their lows). Currently, Lithuania has approximately 250,000 larger wild animals or 5 per each square kilometre. The most prolific large wild animal in every part of Lithuania is the roe deer, with 120,000 of them. They are followed by boars (55,000). Other ungulates are the deer (~22,000), fallow-deer (~21,000) and the largest one: moose (~7,000). Among the Lithuanian predators, foxes are the most common (~27,000). Wolves are, however, more ingrained into the mythology as there are just 800 in Lithuania. Even rarer are the lynxes (~200). The large animals mentioned above exclude the rabbit, ~200,000 of which may live in the Lithuanian forests.[104]
Government and politics
[edit]
Government
[edit]Since Lithuania declared the restoration of its independence on 11 March 1990, it has maintained strong democratic traditions. It held its first independent general elections on 25 October 1992, in which 56.75% of voters supported the new constitution.[105] There were intense debates concerning the constitution, particularly the role of the president. A separate referendum was held on 23 May 1992 to gauge public opinion on the matter, and 41% of voters supported the restoration of the President of Lithuania.[105] Through compromise, a semi-presidential system was agreed on.[4]
The Lithuanian head of state is the president, directly elected for a five-year term and serving a maximum of two terms. The president oversees foreign affairs and national security, and is the commander-in-chief of the military.[106] The president also appoints the prime minister and, on the latter's nomination, the rest of the cabinet, as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts except the Constitutional Court.[106] The current Lithuanian head of state, Gitanas Nausėda was elected on 26 May 2019 by unanimously winning in all municipalities of Lithuania in the second election round.[107] He was re-elected in 2024, winning more than 74% of the run-off votes.[108]
The judges of the Constitutional Court (Konstitucinis Teismas) serve nine-year terms. The court is renewed by a third every three years. The judges are appointed by the Seimas, on the nomination of the President, Chairman of the Seimas, and the Chairman of the Supreme Court,. The unicameral Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas, has 141 members who are elected to four-year terms. 71 of the members of its members are elected in single-member constituencies, and the others in a nationwide vote by proportional representation. A party must receive at least 5% of the national vote to be eligible for any of the 70 national seats in the Seimas.[109]
Political parties and elections
[edit]Lithuania was one of the first countries in the world to grant women a right to vote in the elections. Lithuanian women were allowed to vote by the 1918 Constitution of Lithuania and used their newly granted right for the first time in 1919. By doing so, Lithuania allowed it earlier than such democratic countries as the United States (1920), France (1945), Greece (1952), Switzerland (1971).[110]
Lithuania exhibits a fragmented multi-party system,[111] with a number of small parties in which coalition governments are common. Ordinary elections to the Seimas take place on the second Sunday of October every four years.[109] To be eligible for election, candidates must be at least 21 years old on the election day, not under allegiance to a foreign state and permanently reside in Lithuania.[112] Persons serving or due to serve a sentence imposed by the court 65 days before the election are not eligible. Also, judges, citizens performing military service, and servicemen of professional military service and officials of statutory institutions and establishments may not stand for election.[113] Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats won the 2020 Lithuanian parliamentary elections and gained 50 of 141 seats in the parliament.[114] In October 2020, the prime ministerial candidate of Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats (TS-LKD) Ingrida Šimonytė formed a centre-right coalition with two liberal parties.[115]
.jpg)
The President of Lithuania is the head of state of the country, elected to a five-year term in a majority vote. Elections take place on the last Sunday no more than two months before the end of current presidential term.[116] To be eligible for election, candidates must be at least 40 years old on the election day and reside in Lithuania for at least three years, in addition to satisfying the eligibility criteria for a member of the parliament. Same President may serve for not more than two terms.[117] Gitanas Nausėda was elected as an independent candidate in 2019 and re-elected in 2024.[107][118]
Each municipality in Lithuania is governed by a municipal council and a mayor, who is a member of the municipal council. The number of members, elected on a four-year term, in each municipal council depends on the size of the municipality and varies from 15 (in municipalities with fewer than 5,000 residents) to 51 (in municipalities with more than 500,000 residents). 1,524 municipal council members were elected in 2015.[119] Members of the council, with the exception of the mayor, are elected using proportional representation. Starting with 2015, the mayor is elected directly by the majority of residents of the municipality.[120] Social Democratic Party of Lithuania won most of the positions in the 2015 elections (372 municipal councils seats and 16 mayors).[121]
As of 2019, the number of seats in the European Parliament allocated to Lithuania was 11.[122] Ordinary elections take place on a Sunday on the same day as in other EU countries. The vote is open to all citizens of Lithuania, as well as citizens of other EU countries that permanently reside in Lithuania, who are at least 18 years old on the election day. To be eligible for election, candidates must be at least 21 years old on the election day, a citizen of Lithuania or a citizen of another EU country permanently residing in Lithuania. Candidates are not allowed to stand for election in more than one country. Persons serving or due to serve a sentence imposed by the court 65 days before the election are not eligible. Also, judges, citizens performing military service, and servicemen of professional military service and officials of statutory institutions and establishments may not stand for election.[123] Six political parties and one committee representatives gained seats in the 2019 elections.[124]
Law and law enforcement
[edit]_(2).jpg)
The first attempt to codify the Lithuanian laws was in 1468 when the Casimir's Code was compiled and adopted by Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon.[125] In the 16th century three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were created with the First Statute being adopted in 1529, the Second Statute in 1566, and the Third Statute in 1588.[125] On 3 May 1791, the Europe's first and the world's second Constitution was adopted by the Great Sejm.[126] The Third Statute was partly in force in the territory of Lithuania even until 1840, despite the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.[125]
In 1934–1935, Lithuania held the first mass trial of the Nazis in Europe, the convicted were sentenced to imprisonment in a heavy labor prison and capital punishments.[127]
After regaining of independence in 1990, the largely modified Soviet legal codes were in force for about a decade. The current Constitution of Lithuania was adopted on 25 October 1992.[128] In 2001, the Civil Code of Lithuania was passed in Seimas. It was succeeded by the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code in 2003. The approach to the criminal law is inquisitorial, as opposed to adversarial; it is generally characterised by an insistence on formality and rationalisation, as opposed to practicality and informality. Normative legal act enters into force on the next day after its publication in the Teisės aktų registras, unless it has a later entry into force date.[129]
The European Union law is an integral part of the Lithuanian legal system since 1 May 2004.[130]
Lithuania, after breaking away from the Soviet Union, had a difficult crime situation, however, the Lithuanian law enforcement agencies fought crime over the years, making Lithuania a reasonably safe country.[131] Crime in Lithuania has been declining rapidly.[132] Law enforcement in Lithuania is primarily the responsibility of local Lietuvos policija (Lithuanian Police) commissariats. They are supplemented by the Lietuvos policijos antiteroristinių operacijų rinktinė Aras (Anti-Terrorist Operations Team of the Lithuanian Police Aras), Lietuvos kriminalinės policijos biuras (Lithuanian Criminal Police Bureau), Lietuvos policijos kriminalistinių tyrimų centras (Lithuanian Police Forensic Research Center) and Lietuvos kelių policijos tarnyba (Lithuanian Road Police Service).[133]
.jpg)
In 2017, there were 63,846 crimes registered in Lithuania. Of these, thefts comprised a large part with 19,630 cases (13.2% less than in 2016). While 2,835 crimes were serious and very serious (crimes that may lead to more than six years imprisonment), which is 14.5% less than in 2016. In total, 129 homicides or attempted homicide occurred (19.9% less than in 2016), while serious bodily harm was registered 178 times (17.6% less than in 2016). Another problematic crime contraband cases also decreased by 27.2% from 2016 numbers. Meanwhile, crimes in electronic data and information technology security fields noticeably increased by 26.6%.[134] In the 2013 Special Eurobarometer, 29% of Lithuanians said that corruption affects their daily lives (EU average 26%). Moreover, 95% of Lithuanians regarded corruption as widespread in their country (EU average 76%), and 88% agreed that bribery and the use of connections is often the easiest way of obtaining certain public services (EU average 73%).[135] Though, according to local branch of Transparency International, corruption levels have been decreasing over the past decade.[136]
Capital punishment in Lithuania was suspended in 1996 and eliminated in 1998.[137] Lithuania has the highest number of prison inmates in the EU. According to scientist Gintautas Sakalauskas, this is not because of a high criminality rate in the country, but due to Lithuania's high repression level and the lack of trust of the convicted, who are frequently sentenced to imprisonment.[138]
Administrative divisions
[edit]
The current system of administrative division was established in 1994 and modified in 2000 to meet the requirements of the European Union. The country's 10 counties (Lithuanian: singular – apskritis, plural – apskritys) are subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular – savivaldybė, plural – savivaldybės), and further divided into 500 elderships (Lithuanian: singular – seniūnija, plural – seniūnijos). There are also 5 distinct cultural regions in Lithuania – Dzūkija, Aukštaitija, Suvalkija, Samogitia and Lithuania Minor, which are recognized by the state.
Municipalities have been the most important unit of administration in Lithuania since the system of county governorship (apskrities viršininkas) was dissolved in 2010.[139] Some municipalities are historically called "district municipalities" (often shortened to "district"), while others are called "city municipalities" (sometimes shortened to "city"). Each has its own elected government. The election of municipality councils originally occurred every three years, but now takes place every four years. The council appoints elders to govern the elderships. Mayors have been directly elected since 2015; prior to that, they were appointed by the council.[140]
Elderships, numbering over 500, are the smallest administrative units and do not play a role in national politics. They provide necessary local public services—for example, registering births and deaths in rural areas. They are most active in the social sector, identifying needy individuals or families and organizing and distributing welfare and other forms of relief.[141] Some citizens feel that elderships have no real power and receive too little attention, and that they could otherwise become a source of local initiative for addressing rural problems.[142]
| County | Area (km2) | Population (2023)[143] | GDP (billion EUR)[144] | GDP per capita (EUR)[144] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alytus County | 5,425 | 135,367 | 1.8 | 13,600 |
| Kaunas County | 8,089 | 580,333 | 13.7 | 23,900 |
| Klaipėda County | 5,209 | 336,104 | 7.0 | 21,300 |
| Marijampolė County | 4,463 | 135,891 | 2.0 | 14,400 |
| Panevėžys County | 7,881 | 211,652 | 3.6 | 17,100 |
| Šiauliai County | 8,540 | 261,764 | 4.6 | 17,600 |
| Tauragė County | 4,411 | 90,652 | 1.2 | 13,200 |
| Telšiai County | 4,350 | 131,431 | 2.2 | 16,900 |
| Utena County | 7,201 | 125,462 | 1.7 | 13,800 |
| Vilnius County | 9,731 | 851,346 | 29.4 | 35,300 |
| Lithuania | 65,300 | 2,860,002 | 67.4 | 23,800 |
Foreign relations
[edit]Lithuania became a member of the United Nations on 18 September 1991, and is a signatory to a number of its organizations and other international agreements. It is also a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, as well as NATO and its adjunct North Atlantic Coordinating Council. Lithuania gained membership in the World Trade Organization on 31 May 2001, and joined the OECD on 5 July 2018,[145] while also seeking membership in other Western organizations.
Lithuania has established diplomatic relations with 149 countries.[146]
In 2011, Lithuania hosted the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Ministerial Council Meeting. During the second half of 2013, Lithuania assumed the role of the presidency of the European Union.
Lithuania is also active in developing cooperation among northern European countries. It is a member of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly, the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers and the Council of the Baltic Sea States.
Lithuania also cooperates with Nordic and the two other Baltic countries through the Nordic-Baltic Eight format. A similar format, NB6, unites Nordic and Baltic members of EU. NB6's focus is to discuss and agree on positions before presenting them to the Council of the European Union and at the meetings of EU foreign affairs ministers.
The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was established in Copenhagen in 1992 as an informal regional political forum. Its main aim is to promote integration and to close contacts between the region's countries. The members of CBSS are Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Russia, and the European Commission. Its observer states are Belarus, France, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine.
The Nordic Council of Ministers and Lithuania engage in political cooperation to attain mutual goals and to determine new trends and possibilities for joint cooperation. The council's information office aims to disseminate Nordic concepts and to demonstrate and promote Nordic cooperation.
.jpg)
Lithuania, together with the five Nordic countries and the two other Baltic countries, is a member of the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) and cooperates in its NORDPLUS programme, which is committed to education.
The Baltic Development Forum (BDF) is an independent nonprofit organization that unites large companies, cities, business associations and institutions in the Baltic Sea region. In 2010 the BDF's 12th summit was held in Vilnius.[147]
Poland was highly supportive of Lithuanian independence, despite Lithuania's discriminatory treatment of its Polish minority.[148][149] The former Solidarity leader and Polish President Lech Wałęsa criticised the government of Lithuania over discrimination against the Polish minority and rejected Lithuania's Order of Vytautas the Great.[150] Lithuania maintains greatly warm mutual relations with Georgia and strongly supports its European Union and NATO aspirations.[151][152][153] During the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, when the Russian troops were occupying the territory of Georgia and approaching towards the Georgian capital Tbilisi, President Valdas Adamkus, together with the Polish and Ukrainian presidents, went to Tbilisi by answering to the Georgians request of the international assistance.[154][155] Shortly, Lithuanians and the Lithuanian Catholic Church also began collecting financial support for the war victims.[156][157]
In 2004–2009, Dalia Grybauskaitė served as European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget within the José Manuel Barroso-led Commission.[158][159]
In 2013, Lithuania was elected to the United Nations Security Council for a two-year term,[160] becoming the first Baltic country elected to this post. During its membership, Lithuania actively supported Ukraine and often condemned Russia for the war in Ukraine, immediately earning vast Ukrainians esteem.[161][162] As the war in Donbas progressed, President Dalia Grybauskaitė has compared the Russian President Vladimir Putin to Josef Stalin and to Adolf Hitler, she has also called Russia a "terrorist state".[163]
In 2018 Lithuania, along with Latvia and Estonia were awarded the Peace of Westphalia Prize – for their exceptional model of democratic development and contribution to peace in the continent.[164] In 2019 Lithuania condemned the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.[165] In December 2021, Lithuania reported that in an escalation of the diplomatic spat with China over its relations with Taiwan,[166] China had stopped all imports from Lithuania.[167] According to Lithuanian intelligence agencies, in 2023 there was an increase in Chinese intelligence activity against Lithuania, including cyberespionage and increased focus on Lithuania's internal affairs and foreign policy.[168]
The 2023 NATO summit was held in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius.[169]
Military
[edit]
.jpg)
The Lithuanian Armed Forces is the name for the unified armed forces of Lithuanian Land Force, Lithuanian Air Force, Lithuanian Naval Force, Lithuanian Special Operations Force and other units: Logistics Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Headquarters Battalion, Military Police. Directly subordinated to the Chief of Defence are the Special Operations Forces and Military Police. The Reserve Forces are under command of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces.
The Lithuanian Armed Forces consist of some 20,000 active personnel, which may be supported by reserve forces.[170] Compulsory conscription ended in 2008 but was reintroduced in 2015.[171] The Lithuanian Armed Forces currently have 30 soldiers and officers participating in nine international operations and European Union training missions deployed in Kosovo, Iraq, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Mozambique, Spain, Italy, and in the United Kingdom, providing training for Ukrainian soldiers on Operation Interflex.[172][173]
Lithuania became a full member of NATO in March 2004. Fighter jets of NATO members are deployed in Šiauliai Air Base and provide safety for the Baltic airspace.
Beginning in summer of 2005, Lithuania was part of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan (ISAF), leading a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in the town of Chaghcharan in the province of Ghor. The PRT included personnel from Denmark, Iceland and the US. There were also special operation forces units in Afghanistan, placed in Kandahar Province. Since joining international operations in 1994, Lithuania has lost two soldiers: Lt. Normundas Valteris fell in Bosnia, as his patrol vehicle drove over a mine. Sgt. Arūnas Jarmalavičius was fatally wounded during an attack on the camp of his Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan.[174]
The Lithuanian National Defence Policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters and airspace, and its constitutional order. Its main strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, and to maintain and expand the capabilities of its armed forces so they may contribute to and participate in the missions of NATO and European Union member states.[175]
The defense ministry is responsible for combat forces, search and rescue, and intelligence operations. The 5,000 border guards fall under the Interior Ministry's supervision and are responsible for border protection, passport and customs duties, and share responsibility with the navy for smuggling and drug trafficking interdiction. A special security department handles VIP protection and communications security. In 2015 National Cyber Security Centre of Lithuania was created. Paramilitary organisation Lithuanian Riflemen's Union acts as a civilian self-defence institution.
According to NATO, in 2020, Lithuania allocated 2.13% of its GDP to the national defense.[176] For a long time, especially after the global financial crisis in 2008, Lithuania lagged behind NATO allies in terms of defence spending. However, in recent years it has begun to rapidly increase the funding, exceeding the NATO guideline of 2% in 2019.
Lithuania's president Gitanas Nausėda called for more NATO troops on 22 April 2022, saying NATO should increase its deployment of troops in Lithuania and elsewhere on Europe's eastern flank following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, during a meeting in Vilnius.[177]
Economy
[edit] | This section needs to be updated. (May 2024) |
.png)
Lithuania has an open and mixed economy that is classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank.[179] As of 2017[update] the three largest sectors were – services (67% of GDP), industry (29%) and agriculture (3%).[180] Lithuania joined NATO in 2004,[181] EU in 2004,[182] Schengen in 2007[183] and OECD in 2018.[145] On 1 January 2015, the euro became the national currency, replacing litas at the rate of EUR 1.00 = LTL 3.45280.[184]
Agricultural products and food comprise 18% of exports; other major sectors include chemical products and plastics (18%), machinery and appliances (16%), mineral products (15%), wood and furniture (13%).[185] As of 2016[update] more than half of exports go to 7 countries including Russia (14%), Latvia (10%), Poland (9%), Germany (8%), Estonia (5%), Sweden (%) and the UK (4%).[186] Exports equaled 81% of GDP in 2017.[187]
GDP experienced very high real growth rates for the decade up to 2009, peaking at 11% in 2007. As a result, the country was often termed a Baltic Tiger. However, in 2009 due to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, GDP contracted 15%[188] and unemployment rate reached 17.8% in 2010.[189] Growth has since been much slower. According to the IMF, financial conditions are conducive to growth and financial soundness indicators remain strong. The public debt ratio in 2016 was 40% of GDP, it had been 15% in 2008.[190]
On average, more than 95% of all foreign direct investment comes from EU countries. Sweden is historically the largest investor with 20% – 30% of FDI.[191] FDI into Lithuania spiked in 2017, reaching its highest ever recorded number of greenfield investment projects. In 2017, Lithuania was third, after Ireland and Singapore by the average job value of investment projects.[192] The US was the leading source country in 2017, 25% of total FDI. Next up were Germany and the UK, each representing 11% of total project numbers.[193] Based on the Eurostat's data, in 2017, the value of exports recorded the most rapid growth not only in the Baltic countries, but across Europe, which was 17%.[194]
Between 2004 and 2016, one out of five Lithuanians emigrated, primarily due to insufficient income for residents;[195] secondarily seeking to study. Long term emigration and economic growth has resulted in a shortage in the labor market[196] and growth in salaries being larger than growth in labor efficiency.[197] Unemployment in 2017 was 8%.[198]
As of 2022, Lithuanian median wealth per adult was $32,000 (mean was $70,000), while total national wealth was $147bn.[199] As of 2023 Q2, the average monthly gross salary in Lithuania was €2,000.[200]
Lithuania has a flat tax rather than a progressive scheme. The personal income tax (15%) and corporate tax (15%) rates are among the lowest in the EU.[201] The country has the lowest implicit rate of tax on capital (9.8%) in the EU. The corporate tax rate is 15% and 5% for small businesses; 7 free economic zones operate.[202]
Information technology production is growing, reaching €2 billion in 2016.[203] In 2017 only, 35[204] FinTech companies came to Lithuania – a result of the government and Bank of Lithuania simplifying procedures.[205] Lithuania has granted a total of 39 e-money licenses, second in the EU only to the UK with 128 licenses. In 2018 Google set up a payment company in Lithuania.[206] Europe's first international Blockchain Centre launched in Vilnius in 2018.[207] Since 2021, Lithuania has issued hundreds of licenses for cryptocurrency exchange and storage operations, making it one of the leading countries in the EU in this sector.[208]
Agriculture
[edit]Agriculture in Lithuania dates to the Neolithic period, about 3,000 to 1,000 BC. It has been one of Lithuania's most important occupations for many centuries.[209] Lithuania's accession to the European Union in 2004 ushered in a new agricultural era. The EU pursues a very high standard of food safety and purity. In 1999, the Seimas (parliament) of Lithuania adopted a Law on Product Safety, and in 2000 it adopted a Law on Food.[210][211] The reform of the agricultural market has been carried out on the basis of these two laws.
In 2016, agricultural production was €2.3 billion. Cereal crops occupied the largest part (5710 tons), other significant types include: sugar beet (934 tons), rapeseed (393 tons) and potatoes (340 tons). Products totaling €4,385 million were exported to foreign markets, of which products for €3,165 million were of Lithuanian origin. Export of agricultural and food products accounted for 19% of all exports of goods.[212]
Organic farming is becoming more popular. The status of organic growers and producers is granted by the public body Ekoagros. In 2016, there were 2539 such farms that occupied 225,542 hectares. Of these, 43% were cereals, 31% perennial grasses, 14% leguminous crops and 12% others.[213]
Science and technology
[edit]
The foundation of the University of Vilnius in 1579 was a major factor in fostering a scientific and academic community within Lithuania. The university has welcomed such prominent scientists and thinkers as Georg Forster, Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, Johann Peter Frank. The 17th century artillery expert Kazimieras Simonavičius is considered a pioneer of rocketry; his publication, the Artis Magnae Artilleriae, was a basic artillery manual throughout Europe, containing a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets (for military and civil purposes), including multistage rockets, batteries of rockets, and rockets with delta wing stabilizers.[214][215] Botanist Jurgis Pabrėža (1771–1849) created the first systematic guide of Lithuanian flora, Taislius auguminis (Botany), written in the Samogitian dialect, the Latin-Lithuanian dictionary of plant names, and the first Lithuanian geography textbook. German scientist Theodor Grotthuss (1785–1822), who proposed the Grotthuss mechanism, lived and worked in the Gedučiai manor, where he gained local prominence for his effort to educate and improve the well-being of peasants.[216]
The world wars of the 20th century severely diminished Lithuanian science and academia, although Lithuanian scholars and scientists managed to succeed, particularly abroad, including philosopher Vosylius Sezemanas, jurist Mykolas Römeris, aviator Antanas Gustaitis, management theorist Vytautas Andrius Graičiūnas, archaeologist Marija Gimbutas, primatologist Birutė Galdikas, linguist Algirdas Julien Greimas, and medievalist Jurgis Baltrušaitis.[217][218][219][220][221] Mathematician Jonas Kubilius, long-term rector of the University of Vilnius, is known for works in Probabilistic number theory, including the Kubilius model, Theorem of Kubilius and the Turán–Kubilius inequality. Kubilius also successfully resisted attempts to Russify the university.[222]
Lasers and biotechnology are flagship fields of the Lithuanian science and high-tech industry.[223][224] Šviesos konversija ("Light Conversion") has developed a femtosecond laser system that has 80% market share worldwide, with applications in DNA research, ophthalmological surgeries, and nanotechnology.[225][226] The Vilnius University Laser Research Center has developed one of the most powerful femtosecond lasers in the world dedicated primarily to oncological diseases.[227] In 1963, Vytautas Straižys and his colleagues created Vilnius photometric system that is used in astronomy.[228] Noninvasive intracranial pressure and blood flow measuring devices were developed by KTU scientist A. Ragauskas.[229] Kęstutis Pyragas contributed to the study of chaos theory with his method of delayed feedback control, the Pyragas method. Kavli Prize laureate Virginijus Šikšnys is known for his discoveries in CRISPR, namely with respect to CRISPR-Cas9.[230][231]
Lithuania has launched three satellites to space: LitSat-1, Lituanica SAT-1 and LituanicaSAT-2.[232] Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology and Molėtai Astronomical Observatory is located in Kulionys.[233] Fifteen R&D institutions are members of Lithuanian Space Association; Lithuania is a cooperating state with European Space Agency.[234][235] Rimantas Stankevičius is the only ethnically Lithuanian astronaut.[236]
Lithuania in 2018 became an Associated Member State of CERN.[237] Two CERN incubators in Vilnius and Kaunas will be hosted.[238] The most advanced scientific research is being conducted at the Life Sciences Center,[239] Center For Physical Sciences and Technology.[240]
As of 2016 calculations, yearly growth of Lithuania's biotech and life science sector was 22% over the past 5 years. 16 academic institutions, 15 R&D centres (science parks and innovation valleys) and more than 370 manufacturers operate in the Lithuanian life science and biotech industry.[241]
In 2008 the Valley development programme was started aiming to upgrade Lithuanian scientific research infrastructure and encourage business and science cooperation. Five R&D Valleys were launched – Jūrinis (maritime technologies), Nemunas (agro, bioenergy, forestry), Saulėtekis (laser and light, semiconductor), Santara (biotechnology, medicine), Santaka (sustainable chemistry and pharmacy).[242] Lithuanian Innovation Center is created to provide support for innovations and research institutions.[243]
Lithuania ranks moderately in the International Innovation Index,[244] and is placed 15th among EU countries by the European Innovation Scoreboard.[245] Lithuania was ranked 35th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.[246]
Tourism
[edit]
Statistics from 2023 showed 1.4 million tourists from foreign countries visited Lithuania and spent at least one night. The largest number of tourists came from Poland (173,500), Latvia (144,300), Belarus (141,900), Germany (127,400), the United Kingdom (74,200), the United States (69,700), Ukraine (67,000), and Estonia (61,300).[247]
Domestic tourism has been on the rise as well. Currently there are up to 1000 places of attraction in Lithuania. Most tourists visit the big cities—Vilnius, Klaipėda, and Kaunas, seaside resorts, such as Neringa, Palanga, and Spa towns – Druskininkai, Birštonas.[248]
Hot air ballooning is popular, especially in Vilnius and Trakai. Bicycle tourism is growing, especially the Lithuanian Seaside Cycle Route. EuroVelo routes EV10, EV11, EV13 go through Lithuania. The total length of bicycle tracks amounts to 3769 km (of which 1988 km is asphalt pavement).[249] Nemunas Delta Regional Park and Žuvintas biosphere reserve are known for birdwatching.[250]
The total contribution of tourism to GDP had been forecast to rise to €3.2 billion, 7% of GDP by 2027,[251] but has decreased to €1.7 billion, 2.3% of GDP in 2023, although it is rising post COVID-19 pandemic.[252]
Infrastructure
[edit]Communication
[edit].jpg)
Lithuania has a well developed communications infrastructure. The country has 2.8 million citizens[253] and 5 million SIM cards.[254] The largest LTE (4G) mobile network covers 97% of Lithuania's territory.[255] Usage of fixed phone lines has been rapidly decreasing due to rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services.[256]
In 2017, Lithuania was top 30 in the world by average mobile broadband speeds and top 20 by average fixed broadband speeds.[257] Lithuania was also top 7 in 2017 in the List of countries by 4G LTE penetration. In 2016, Lithuania was ranked 17th in United Nations' e-participation index.[258][259]
There are four TIER III datacenters in Lithuania.[260] Lithuania is 44th globally ranked country on data center density according to Cloudscene.[261]
Long-term project (2005–2013) – Development of Rural Areas Broadband Network (RAIN) was started with the objective to provide residents, state and municipal authorities and businesses with fibre-optic broadband access in rural areas. RAIN infrastructure allows 51 communications operators to provide network services to their clients. The project was funded by the European Union and the Lithuanian government.[262][263] 72% of Lithuanian households have access to internet, a number which in 2017 was among EU's lowest[264] and in 2016 ranked 97th by CIA World Factbook.[265] Number of households with internet access is expected to increase and reach 77% by 2021.[266] Almost 50% of Lithuanians had smartphones in 2016, a number that is expected to increase to 65% by 2022.[267] Lithuania has the highest FTTH (Fiber to the home) penetration rate in Europe (36.8% in September 2016) according to FTTH Council Europe.[268]
Transport
[edit].png)
Lithuania received its first railway connection in the middle of the 19th century, when the Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway was constructed. It included a stretch from Daugavpils via Vilnius and Kaunas to Virbalis. The first and only still operating tunnel was completed in 1860.
Rail transport in Lithuania consists of 1,762 km (1,095 mi) of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11.8 in) Russian gauge railway of which 122 km (76 mi) are electrified. This railway network is incompatible with European standard gauge and requires train switching. However, Lithuanian railway network also has 115 km (71 mi) of standard gauge lines.[269] More than half of all inland freight transported in Lithuania is carried by rail.[270] The Trans-European standard gauge Rail Baltica railway, linking Helsinki–Tallinn–Riga–Kaunas–Warsaw and continuing on to Berlin is under construction. In 2017, Lietuvos Geležinkeliai, a company that operates most railway lines in Lithuania, received EU penalty for breaching EU's antitrust laws and restricting competition.[271]
Transportation is the third largest sector in Lithuanian economy.[272] Lithuanian transport companies drew attention in 2016[273] and 2017[274] with huge and record-breaking orders of trucks. Almost 90% of commercial truck traffic in Lithuania is international transports, the highest of any EU country.[275]
Lithuania has an extensive network of motorways. WEF grades Lithuanian roads at 4.7 / 7.0[276] and Lithuanian road authority (LAKD) at 6.5 / 10.0.[277]
The Port of Klaipėda is the only commercial cargo port in Lithuania. In 2011 45.5 million tons of cargo were handled (including Būtingė oil terminal figures)[278] Port of Klaipėda is outside of EU's 20 largest ports,[279][280] but it is the eighth largest port in the Baltic Sea region[281][282] with ongoing expansion plans.[283]
As of 2022, the LIWA (Lithuanian Inland Waterways Authority, Vidaus vandens keliu direkcija in Lithuanian) is developing a strategy to resurrect cargo shipping on the Nemunas. Its fleet of electric ships will travel 260 km between the port of Klaipda on the Baltic Sea coast and the industrial and transportation centre of Kaunas.[284] The project is anticipated to need a €75.7 million initial investment in total. and estimated to eliminate 48 000 truck trips annually.[285][286]
Vilnius International Airport is the largest airport in Lithuania, 91st busiest airport in Europe (EU's 100 largest airports). It served 3.8 million passengers in 2016.[287] Other international airports include Kaunas International Airport, Palanga International Airport and Šiauliai International Airport. Kaunas International Airport is also a small commercial cargo airport which started regular commercial cargo traffic in 2011.[288] The inland river cargo port in Marvelė, linking Kaunas and Klaipėda, received first cargo in 2019.[289]
Energy
[edit]
Systematic diversification of energy imports and resources is Lithuania's key energy strategy.[290] Long-term aims were defined in National Energy Independence strategy in 2012 by Lietuvos Seimas.[291] It was estimated that strategic energy independence initiatives will cost €6.3–7.8 billion in total and provide annual savings of €0.9–1.1 billion.
After the decommissioning of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Lithuania turned from electricity exporter to electricity importer. Unit No. 1 was closed in December 2004, as a condition of Lithuania's entry into the European Union; Unit No. 2 was closed down on 31 December 2009. Proposals have been made to construct a new – Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania.[292] However, a non-binding referendum held in October 2012 clouded the prospects for the Visaginas project, as 63% of voters said no to a new nuclear power plant.[293]
The country's main primary source of electrical power is Elektrėnai Power Plant. Other primary sources of Lithuania's electrical power are Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant and Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant is the only in the Baltic states power plant to be used for regulation of the power system's operation with generating capacity of 900 MW for at least 12 hours.[294] As of 2015[update], 66% of electrical power was imported.[295] First geothermal heating plant (Klaipėda Geothermal Demonstration Plant) in the Baltic Sea region was built in 2004.
Lithuania–Sweden submarine electricity interconnection NordBalt and Lithuania–Poland electricity interconnection LitPol Link were launched at the end of 2015.[296]
In 2018, synchronising the Baltic states' electricity grid with the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe has started.[297] In 2016, 20.8% of electricity consumed in Lithuania came from renewable sources.[298]
In order to break down Gazprom's monopoly[299][300] in natural gas market of Lithuania, first large scale LNG import terminal (Klaipėda LNG FSRU) in the Baltic region was built in port of Klaipėda in 2014. The Klaipėda LNG terminal was called Independence, thus emphasising the aim to diversify energy market of Lithuania. Norwegian company Equinor supplies 540 million cubic metres (19 billion cubic feet) of natural gas annually from 2015 until 2020.[301] The terminal is able to meet the Lithuania's demand 100 percent, and Latvia's and Estonia's national demand 90 percent in the future.[302] Gas Interconnection Poland–Lithuania (GIPL), also known as Lithuania–Poland pipeline, is a natural gas pipeline interconnection between Lithuania and Poland that became operational in 2022.
Demographics
[edit]
Since the Neolithic period, the demographics of Lithuania have stayed fairly homogenous. There is a high probability that the inhabitants of present-day Lithuania have similar genetic compositions to their ancestors,[303][304][305] although without being actually isolated from them.[306] The Lithuanian population appears to be relatively homogeneous, without apparent genetic differences among ethnic subgroups.[307]
A 2004 analysis of MtDNA in the Lithuanian population revealed that Lithuanians are genetically close to the Slavic and Finno-Ugric speaking populations of Northern and Eastern Europe. Y-chromosome SNP haplogroup analysis showed Lithuanians to be genetically closest to Latvians and Estonians.[308]
In 2021, the age structure of the population was as follows:
- 0–14 years, 14.86% (male 214,113/female 203,117)
- 15–64 years: 65.19% (male 896,400/female 934,467)
- 65 years and over: 19.95% (male 195,269/female 365,014).[309]
The median age in 2022 was 44 years (male: 41, female: 47).[309]
Lithuania has a sub-replacement fertility rate: the total fertility rate (TFR) in Lithuania was 1.34 children born per woman in 2021, and the mean age of women at childbirth was 30.3 years. The average age of first childbirth for women was 28.2 years. The human sex ratio is male leaning for the age categories 15–44, with 1.0352 males for every female.[309] As of 2021[update], 25.6% of births were to unmarried women. The mean age at first marriage in 2021 was 28.3 years for women and 30.5 years for men.[309]
Functional urban areas
[edit]| Functional urban areas[310] | Population (2022) |
|---|---|
| Vilnius urban area | 716,856
|
| Kaunas urban area | 393,397
|
| Panevėžys urban area |  122,854
|
Ethnic groups and languages
[edit]Lithuania has the most homogeneous population in the Baltic States. Ethnic Lithuanians make up about five-sixths of the country's population. In 2024, 82.6% of the 2,809,977 Lithuania's residents were ethnic Lithuanians who speak Lithuanian, which is the official language of the country. Several sizeable minorities exist, such as Poles (6.3%), Russians (5.0%), Belarusians (2.1%) and Ukrainians (1.7%).[312]
Poles in Lithuania are the largest minority, concentrated in southeast Lithuania (the Vilnius region), constituting majority in Šalčininkai (76.3%) and Vilnius District Municipality (46.8%). Russians in Lithuania are the second largest minority, concentrated in Visaginas (47.4%), Zarasai District Municipality (17.2%) and Klaipėda (16%).[312] About 2,250 Roma live in Lithuania, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Panevėžys; their organizations are supported by the National Minority and Emigration Department.[313] For centuries, Tatar and Karaite communities have lived in Lithuania. In 2021, there were around 2,150 registered Tatars and 196 Karaites in the country.[314][315]
The official language is Lithuanian, but in some areas there is a significant presence of minority languages such as Polish, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. The greatest presence of minorities and the use of these languages are in Šalčininkai, Visaginas, and Vilnius District.[312] Yiddish is spoken by members of the tiny remaining Jewish community in Lithuania. The state laws guarantee education in minority languages and there are numerous publicly funded schools in the areas populated by minorities, with Polish as the language of instruction being the most widely available.[316]
According to the survey carried out within the framework of the Lithuanian census of 2021, 85.33% of the country's population speak Lithuanian as their native language, 6.8% are native speakers of Russian and 5.1% of Polish. As of 2021[update], 60.6% of residents speak Russian as a foreign language, 31.1% – English, 10.5% – Lithuanian, 8% – German, 7.9% – Polish, 1.9% – French, 2.6% – various others.[317] Most Lithuanian schools teach English as the first foreign language, but students may also study German, or, in some schools, French or Russian. Around 80% of young people in Lithuania know English.[318]
Urbanization
[edit]There has been a steady movement of population to the cities since the 1990s, encouraged by the planning of regional centres, such as Alytus, Marijampolė, Utena, Plungė, and Mažeikiai. By the early 21st century, about two-thirds of the total population lived in urban areas. As of 2021[update], 68.19% of the total population lives in urban areas.[309] Lithuania's functional urban areas include Vilnius (population 708,203), Kaunas (population 391,153), and Panevėžys (population 124,526).[310] The fDI of the Financial Times in their research Cities and Regions of the Future ranked Vilnius fourth in the mid-sized European cities category in the 2018–19 ranking, second in the 2022–23 ranking, second in 2023 ranking while the city claimed 24th spot in the worldwide overall ranking in 2021–22 and Vilnius county was ranked 10th in the small European regions category in 2018–19, fifth in 2022–23, fifth in 2023 rankings.[319][320][321][322]
| Rank | Name | County | Pop. | Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Vilnius  Kaunas |
1 | Vilnius | Vilnius | 605,270 | 11 | Kėdainiai | Kaunas | 23,359 |  Klaipėda  Šiauliai |
| 2 | Kaunas | Kaunas | 304,731 | 12 | Telšiai | Telšiai | 21,920 | ||
| 3 | Klaipėda | Klaipėda | 160,357 | 13 | Ukmergė | Vilnius | 21,383 | ||
| 4 | Šiauliai | Šiauliai | 112,581 | 14 | Tauragė | Tauragė | 21,344 | ||
| 5 | Panevėžys | Panevėžys | 86,202 | 15 | Visaginas | Utena | 19,214 | ||
| 6 | Alytus | Alytus | 50,996 | 16 | Palanga | Klaipėda | 18,187 | ||
| 7 | Marijampolė | Marijampolė | 36,567 | 17 | Plungė | Telšiai | 17,105 | ||
| 8 | Mažeikiai | Telšiai | 33,340 | 18 | Kretinga | Klaipėda | 16,874 | ||
| 9 | Utena | Utena | 27,175 | 19 | Šilutė | Klaipėda | 15,995 | ||
| 10 | Jonava | Kaunas | 26,720 | 20 | Radviliškis | Šiauliai | 15,604 | ||
Health
[edit]
Lithuania provides free state-funded healthcare to all citizens and registered long-term residents.[324] It co-exists with a significant private healthcare sector. In 2003–2012, the network of hospitals was restructured, as part of wider healthcare service reforms. It started in 2003–2005 with the expansion of ambulatory services and primary care.[325] In 2016, Lithuania ranked 27th in Europe in the Euro health consumer index, a ranking of European healthcare systems based on waiting time, results and other indicators.
As of 2023[update], Lithuanian life expectancy at birth was 76.0 (70.6 years for males and 81.6 for females)[326] and the infant mortality rate was 2.99 per 1,000 births.[327] The annual population growth rate increased by 0.3% in 2007. Lithuania has seen a dramatic rise in suicides in the 1990s.[328] The suicide rate has been constantly decreasing since, but it still remains the highest in the EU and one of the highest in the OECD. The suicide rate as of 2019 is 20.2 per 100,000 people.[328] Suicide in Lithuania has been a subject of research, but the main reasons behind the high rate are thought[who?] to be both psychological and economic, including: social transformations and economic recessions, alcoholism, lack of tolerance in the society and bullying.[329]
By 2000, the vast majority of Lithuanian health care institutions were non-profit-making enterprises and a private sector developed, providing mostly outpatient services which are paid for out-of-pocket. The Ministry of Health also runs a few health care facilities and is involved in the running of the two major Lithuanian teaching hospitals. It is responsible for the State Public Health Centre which manages the public health network including ten county public health centres with their local branches. The ten counties run county hospitals and specialised health care facilities.[330]
There is Compulsory Health Insurance for the Lithuanian residents. There are 5 Territorial Health Insurance Funds, covering Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai and Panevėžys. Contributions for people who are economically active are 9% of income.[331]
Emergency medical services are provided free of charge to all residents. Access to the secondary and tertiary care, such as hospital treatment, is normally via referral by a general practitioner.[332] Lithuania also has one of the lowest health care prices in Europe.[333]
Religion
[edit]
According to the 2021 census, 74.2% of residents of Lithuania were Catholics.[3] Catholicism has been the main religion since the official Christianisation of Lithuania in 1387. The Catholic Church was persecuted by the Russian Empire as part of the Russification policies and by the Soviet Union as part of the overall anti-religious campaigns. During the Soviet era, some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime, as symbolised by the Hill of Crosses and exemplified by The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania.
3.7% of the population are Eastern Orthodox, mainly among the Russian minority.[3] The community of Old Believers (0.6% of population) dates back to the 1660s.
Protestants are 0.8%, of which 0.6% are Lutheran and 0.2% are Reformed. The Reformation did not impact Lithuania to a great extent as seen in East Prussia, Estonia, or Latvia. Before World War II, according to Losch (1932), the Lutherans were 3.3% of the total population.[334] They were mainly Germans and Prussian Lithuanians in the Klaipėda Region (Memel territory). This population fled or was expelled after the war, and Protestantism is now mainly represented by ethnic Lithuanians throughout the northern and western parts of the country, as well as in large urban areas. Newly arriving evangelical churches have established missions in Lithuania since 1990.[335]
Hinduism is a minority religion and a fairly recent development in Lithuania. Hinduism is spread in Lithuania by Hindu organizations: ISKCON, Sathya Sai Baba, Brahma Kumaris and Osho Rajneesh. ISKCON (Lithuanian: Krišnos sąmonės judėjimas) is the largest and the oldest movement as the first Krishna followers date to 1979.[336] It has three centres in Lithuania: in Vilnius, Klaipėda and Kaunas. Brahma Kumaris maintains the Centre Brahma Kumaris in Antakalnis, Vilnius.
The historical communities of Lipka Tatars maintain Islam as their religion. Lithuania was historically home to a significant Jewish community and was an important centre of Jewish scholarship and culture from the 18th century until the eve of World War II. Of the approximately 220,000 Jews who lived in Lithuania in June 1941, almost all were killed during the Holocaust.[337][338] The Lithuanian Jewish community numbered about 4,000 at the end of 2009.[339]
Romuva, the neopagan revival of the ancient religious practices, has gained popularity over the years. Romuva claims to continue living pagan traditions, which survived in folklore and customs.[340][341][342] Romuva is a polytheistic pagan faith, which asserts the sanctity of nature and has elements of ancestor worship.[343] According to the 2001 census, there were 1,270 people of Baltic faith in Lithuania.[344] That number jumped to 5,118 in the 2011 census.[345]
Education
[edit]
The Constitution of Lithuania mandates ten-year education ending at age 16 and guarantees a free public higher education for students deemed 'good'.[347] The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania proposes national educational policies and goals that are then voted for in the Seimas. Laws govern long-term educational strategy along with general laws on standards for higher education, vocational training, law and science, adult education, and special education.[348] 5.4% of GDP or 15.4% of total public expenditure was spent for education in 2016.[349]
According to the World Bank, the literacy rate among Lithuanians aged 15 years and older is 100%.[350] School attendance rates are above the EU average and school leave is less common than in the EU. According to Eurostat Lithuania leads among other countries of the European Union in people with secondary education (93.3%).[351] Based on OECD data, Lithuania is among the top 5 countries in the world in postsecondary (tertiary) education attainment.[352] As of 2016[update], 54.9% of the population aged 25 to 34, and 30.7% of the population aged 55 to 64 had completed tertiary education.[353] The share of tertiary-educated 25–64-year-olds in STEM (Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields in Lithuania were above the OECD average (29% and 26% respectively), similarly to business, administration and law (25% and 23% respectively).[354]
Modern Lithuanian education system has multiple structural problems. Insufficient funding, quality issues, and decreasing student population are the most prevalent. Lithuanian teacher salaries are the lowest in the entire EU.[355] Low teacher salaries was the primary reason behind national teacher strikes in 2014,[356] 2015,[357] and 2016.[358][359] Salaries in the higher education sector are also low. Many Lithuanian professors have a second job to supplement their income.[360] PISA report from 2010 found that Lithuanian results in math, science and reading were below OECD average.[361] PISA report from 2015 reconfirmed these findings.[362] The population ages 6 to 19 has decreased by 36% between 2005 and 2015. As a result, the student-teacher ratio is decreasing and expenditure per student is increasing, but schools, particularly in rural areas, are forced into reorganizations and consolidations.[349] As with other Baltic nations, in particular Latvia, the large volume of higher education graduates within the country, coupled with the high rate of spoken second languages is contributing to an education brain drain.
As of 2008[update], there were 15 public and 6 private universities as well as 16 public and 11 private colleges in Lithuania (see: List of universities in Lithuania).[363] Vilnius University is one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe and the largest university in Lithuania. Kaunas University of Technology is the largest technical university in the Baltic States and the second largest university in Lithuania. In an attempt to reduce costs[364] and adapt to sharply decreasing number of high-school students,[365] Lithuanian parliament decided to reduce the number of universities in Lithuania.[366][367] In early 2018, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences and Aleksandras Stulginskis University were merged into Vytautas Magnus University.[368]
Culture
[edit]Lithuanian language
[edit]
The Lithuanian language (lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 0.2 million abroad.
Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, although they are not mutually intelligible. It is written in an adapted version of the Roman script. Lithuanian is believed to be the linguistically most conservative living Indo-European tongue, retaining many features of Proto Indo-European.[369] Lithuanian language studies are important for comparative linguistics and for reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European language.[370] Lithuanian was studied by linguists such as Franz Bopp, August Schleicher, Adalbert Bezzenberger, Louis Hjelmslev,[371] Ferdinand de Saussure,[372] Winfred P. Lehmann, Vladimir Toporov[373] and others.
,_words_(tepridau%C5%BEia,_ubagyst%C4%97).jpg)
There are two main dialects of the Lithuanian language: Aukštaitian dialect and Samogitian dialect. Aukštaitian dialect is mainly used in the central, southern and eastern parts of Lithuania while Samogitian dialect is used in the western part of the country.[374] The Samogitian dialect also has many completely different words and is even considered a separate language by some linguists.[375] Nowadays, the distinguishing feature between the two main Lithuanian dialects is the unequal pronunciation of accented and unaccented two-vowels uo and ie.[374]
The groundwork for written Lithuanian was laid in 16th and 17th centuries by Lithuanian noblemen and scholars, who promoted Lithuanian language, created dictionaries and published books – Mikalojus Daukša, Stanislovas Rapolionis, Abraomas Kulvietis, Jonas Bretkūnas, Martynas Mažvydas, Konstantinas Sirvydas, Simonas Vaišnoras-Varniškis.[376] The first grammar book of the Lithuanian language Grammatica Litvanica was published in Latin in 1653 by Danielius Kleinas.
Jonas Jablonskis' works and activities are especially important for the Lithuanian literature moving from the use of dialects to a standard Lithuanian language. The linguistic material which he collected was published in the 20 volumes of Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian and is still being used in research and in editing of texts and books. He also introduced the letter ū into Lithuanian writing.[377]
Literature
[edit]
There is a great deal of Lithuanian literature written in Latin, the main scholarly language of the Middle Ages. The edicts of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas are the prime example of the literature of this kind. The Letters of Gediminas are another crucial heritage of the Lithuanian Latin writings.
One of the first Lithuanian authors who wrote in Latin was Nicolaus Hussovianus (around 1480 – after 1533). His poem Carmen de statura, feritate ac venatione bisontis (A Song about the Appearance, Savagery and Hunting of the Bison), published in 1523, describes the Lithuanian landscape, way of life and customs, touches on some actual political problems, and reflects the clash of paganism and Christianity. A person under the pseudonym Michalo Lituanus (around 1490 – 1560) wrote a treatise De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum (On the Customs of Tatars, Lithuanians and Muscovites) in the middle of the 16th century, but it was not published until 1615. An extraordinary figure in the cultural life of Lithuania in the 16th century was the lawyer and poet of Spanish origin Petrus Roysius Maurus Alcagnicensis (around 1505 – 1571). The publicist, lawyer, and mayor of Vilnius, Augustinus Rotundus (around 1520–1582) wrote a no longer existent history of Lithuania in Latin around the year 1560. loannes Radvanus, a humanist poet of the second half of the 16th century, wrote an epic poem imitating the Aeneid of Vergil. His Radivilias, intended to become the Lithuanian national epic, was published in Vilnius in 1588.[379]
17th century Lithuanian scholars also wrote in Latin – Kazimieras Kojelavičius-Vijūkas, Žygimantas Liauksminas are known for their Latin writings in theology, rhetorics and music. Albertas Kojalavičius-Vijūkas wrote first printed Lithuanian history Historia Lithuania.
Lithuanian literary works in the Lithuanian language started being first published in the 16th century. In 1547 Martynas Mažvydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book Katekizmo prasti žodžiai (The Simple Words of Catechism), which marks the beginning of literature, printed in Lithuanian. He was followed by Mikalojus Daukša with Katechizmas. In the 16th and 17th centuries, as in the whole Christian Europe, Lithuanian literature was primarily religious.
The evolution of the old (14th–18th century) Lithuanian literature ends with Kristijonas Donelaitis, one of the most prominent authors of the Age of Enlightenment. Donelaitis' poem Metai (The Seasons) is a landmark of the Lithuanian fiction literature, written in hexameter.[380]
With a mix of Classicism, Sentimentalism and Romanticism, the Lithuanian literature of the first half of the 19th century is represented by Maironis, Antanas Baranauskas, Simonas Daukantas, Oscar Milosz, and Simonas Stanevičius.[380] During the Tsarist annexation of Lithuania in the 19th century, the Lithuanian press ban was implemented, which led to the formation of the Knygnešiai (Book smugglers) movement. This movement is thought[who?] to be the very reason the Lithuanian language and literature survived.
20th-century Lithuanian literature is represented by Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Antanas Vienuolis, Bernardas Brazdžionis, Antanas Škėma, Balys Sruoga, Vytautas Mačernis and Justinas Marcinkevičius.[citation needed]
In 21st century debuted Kristina Sabaliauskaitė, Renata Šerelytė, Valdas Papievis, Laura Sintija Černiauskaitė, Rūta Šepetys.[citation needed]
Architecture
[edit]_(cropped).jpg)
Several famous Lithuania-related architects are notable for their achievements in the field of architecture. Johann Christoph Glaubitz, Marcin Knackfus, Laurynas Gucevičius and Karol Podczaszyński were instrumental in introducing Baroque and neoclassical architectural movements to the Lithuanian architecture during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.[381] Vilnius is considered as a capital of the Eastern Europe Baroque.[382] Vilnius Old Town that is full of astonishing Baroque churches and other buildings is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[383]
Lithuania is also known for numerous castles. About twenty castles exist in Lithuania. Some castles had to be rebuilt or survive partially. Many Lithuanian nobles' historic palaces and manor houses have remained till the nowadays and were reconstructed.[384] Lithuanian village life has existed since the days of Vytautas the Great. Zervynos and Kapiniškiai are two of many ethnographic villages in Lithuania.[385] Rumšiškės is an open space museum where old ethnographic architecture is preserved.
During the interwar period, Art Deco, Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural style buildings were constructed in the Lithuania's temporary capital Kaunas. Its architecture is regarded as one of the finest examples of the European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label.[386]
Arts and museums
[edit]_-_1909.jpg)
The Lithuanian Art Museum was founded in 1933 and is the largest museum of art conservation and display in Lithuania.[387] Among other important museums are the Palanga Amber Museum, where amber pieces comprise a major part of the collection, National Gallery of Art, presenting collection of Lithuanian art of the 20th and 21st century, National Museum of Lithuania presenting Lithuanian archaeology, history and ethnic culture. In 2018 two private museums were opened – MO Museum devoted to modern and contemporary Lithuanian art and Tartle,[388] exhibiting a collection of Lithuanian art heritage and artefacts.
Perhaps the most renowned figure in Lithuania's art community was the composer Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911), an internationally renowned musician. The 2420 Čiurlionis asteroid, identified in 1975, honors his achievements. The M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum, as well as the only military museum in Lithuania, Vytautas the Great War Museum, are located in Kaunas. Franciszek Smuglewicz, Jan Rustem, Józef Oleszkiewicz and Kanuty Rusiecki are the most prominent Lithuanian painters of the 18th and 19th centuries.[389]
Theatre
[edit]
Lithuania has theatres in Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda and Panevėžys. These include Lithuanian National Drama Theatre, Keistuolių teatras (Theatre of Freaks) in Vilnius, Kaunas State Drama Theatre, Theatre of Oskaras Koršunovas, Klaipėda Drama Theatre, Theatre of Gytis Ivanauskas, Miltinis Drama Theatre in Panevėžys, The Doll's Theatre, Old Theatre of Vilnius.[390] Theatre festivals include Sirenos (Sirens), TheATRIUM, Nerk į teatrą (Dive into the Theatre).[391][392][393]
Lithuanian theatre directors include Eimuntas Nekrošius, Jonas Vaitkus, Cezaris Graužinis, Gintaras Varnas, Dalia Ibelhauptaitė and Artūras Areima. Actors include Dainius Gavenonis, Rolandas Kazlas, Saulius Balandis and Gabija Jaraminaitė.[394]
Theatre director Oskaras Koršunovas was awarded the Swedish Commander Grand Cross – the Order of the Polar Star.[395]
Cinema
[edit]
On 28 July 1896, Thomas Edison live photography session was held in the Concerts Hall of the Botanical Garden of Vilnius University. After a year, similar American movies were available with the addition of special phonograph records that also provided sound. In 1909, Lithuanian cinema pioneers Antanas Račiūnas and Ladislas Starevich released their first movies. Soon the Račiūnas' recordings of Lithuania's views became very popular among the Lithuanian Americans abroad. In 1925, Pranas Valuskis filmed movie Naktis Lietuvoje (Night in Lithuania) about Lithuanian book smugglers that left the first bright Lithuanian footprint in Hollywood. The most significant and mature Lithuanian American movie of the time Aukso žąsis (Golden goose) was created in 1965 by Birutė Pūkelevičiūtė that featured motifs from the Brothers Grimm fairy tales. In 1940, Romuva Cinema was opened in Kaunas and currently is the oldest still operational cinema in Lithuania. After the occupation of the state, movies mostly were used for the Soviet propaganda purposes, nevertheless Almantas Grikevičius, Gytis Lukšas, Henrikas Šablevičius, Arūnas Žebriūnas, Raimondas Vabalas were able to overcome the obstacles and create valuable films. After the restoration of the independence, Šarūnas Bartas, Audrius Stonys, Arūnas Matelis, Audrius Juzėnas, Algimantas Puipa, Janina Lapinskaitė, Dijana and her husband Kornelijus Matuzevičius received success in international movie festivals.[396]
In 2018, 4,265,414 cinema tickets were sold in Lithuania with the average price of €5.26.[397]
Music
[edit]
Lithuanian folk music belongs to Baltic music branch which is connected with neolithic corded ware culture. Two instrument cultures meet in the areas inhabited by Lithuanians: stringed (kanklių) and wind instrument cultures. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used for ritual purposes, containing elements of paganism faith. There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithuania connected with ethnographical regions: monophony, heterophony and polyphony. Folk song genres: Sutartinės (Multipart Songs),[398] Wedding Songs, War-Historical Time Songs, Calendar Cycle and Ritual Songs and Work Songs.[399]
Italian artists organized the first opera in Lithuania on 4 September 1636 at the Palace of the Grand Dukes by the order of Władysław IV Vasa.[400] Currently, operas are staged at the Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre and also by independent troupe Vilnius City Opera.
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis was a Lithuanian painter and composer. During his short life he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have influenced modern Lithuanian culture. His symphonic poems In the Forest (Miške) and The Sea (Jūra) were performed only posthumously. Čiurlionis contributed to symbolism and art nouveau and was representative of the fin de siècle epoch. He has been considered one of the pioneers of abstract art in Europe.[401]
In Lithuania, choral music is important. Vilnius is the only city with three choirs laureates (Brevis, Jauna Muzika and Chamber Choir of the Conservatoire) at the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.[402] There is a long-standing tradition of the Dainų šventė (Lithuanian Song and Dance Festival). The first one took place in Kaunas in 1924. Since 1990, the festival has been organised every four years and summons roughly 30,000 singers and folk dancers of various professional levels and age groups from across the country.[403] In 2008, Lithuanian Song and Dance Festival together with its Latvian and Estonian versions was inscribed as UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[404] Gatvės muzikos diena (Street Music Day) gathers musicians of various genres annually.[405]
Modern classical composers emerged in seventies – Bronius Kutavičius, Feliksas Bajoras, Osvaldas Balakauskas, Onutė Narbutaitė, Vidmantas Bartulis and others. Most of those composers explored archaic Lithuanian music and its harmonic combination with modern minimalism and neoromanticism.[406]
Jazz scene was active even during the years of Soviet occupation. In 1970–71 the Ganelin/Tarasov/Chekasin trio established the Vilnius Jazz School.[407] Most known annual events are Vilnius Jazz Festival, Kaunas Jazz, Birštonas Jazz. Music Information Centre Lithuania (MICL) collects, promotes and shares information on Lithuanian musical culture.
Rock and protest music
[edit].jpg)
After the Soviet reoccupation of Lithuania in 1944, the Soviet's censorship continued firmly controlling all artistic expressions in Lithuania, and any violations by criticizing the regime would immediately result in punishments.[408] The first local rock bands started to emerge around 1965 and included Kertukai, Aitvarai and Nuogi ant slenksčio in Kaunas, and Kęstutis Antanėlis, Vienuoliai, and Gėlių Vaikai in Vilnius, among others. Unable to express their opinions directly, the Lithuanian artists began organizing patriotic Roko Maršai and were using metaphors in their songs' lyrics, which were easily identified for their true meanings by the locals.[409][410] Postmodernist rock band Antis and its vocalist Algirdas Kaušpėdas were one of the most active performers who mocked the Soviet regime by using metaphors. For example, in the song Zombiai (Zombies), the band indirectly sang about the Red Army soldiers who occupied the state and its military base in Ukmergė.[411][412] Vytautas Kernagis' song Kolorado vabalai (Colorado beetles) was also a favourite due to its lyrics in which true meaning of the Colorado beetles was intended to be the Soviets decorated with the Ribbons of Saint George.[413]
In the early independence years, rock band Foje was particularly popular and gathered tens of thousands of spectators to the concerts.[414] After disbanding in 1997, Foje vocalist Andrius Mamontovas remained one of the most prominent Lithuanian performers and an active participant in various charity events.[415] Marijonas Mikutavičius is famous for creating unofficial Lithuania sport anthem Trys milijonai (Three million) and official anthem of the EuroBasket 2011 Nebetyli sirgaliai (English version was named Celebrate Basketball).[416][417]
Cuisine
[edit]
Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to the cool and moist northern climate of Lithuania: barley, potatoes, rye, beets, greens, berries, and mushrooms are locally grown, and dairy products are one of its specialties. Fish dishes are very popular in the coastal region.[418] Since it shares its climate and agricultural practices with Northern Europe, Lithuanian cuisine has some similarities to Scandinavian cuisine. Nevertheless, it has its own distinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's long and difficult history.
Dairy products are an important part of traditional Lithuanian cuisine. These include white cottage cheese (varškės sūris), curd (varškė), soured milk (rūgpienis), sour cream (grietinė), butter (sviestas), and sour cream butter kastinis. Traditional meat products are usually seasoned, matured and smoked – smoked sausages (dešros), lard (lašiniai), skilandis, smoked ham (kumpis). Soups (sriubos) – boletus soup (baravykų sriuba), cabbage soup (kopūstų sriuba), beer soup (alaus sriuba), milk soup (pieniška sriuba), cold-beet soup (šaltibarščiai) and various kinds of porridges (košės) are part of tradition and daily diet. Freshwater fish, herring, wild berries and mushrooms, honey are highly popular diet to this day.[419][420]
.jpg)
One of the oldest and most fundamental Lithuanian food products was and is rye bread. Rye bread is eaten every day for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Bread played an important role in family rituals and agrarian ceremonies.[421]
Lithuanians and other nations that once formed part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania share many dishes and beverages. German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding (kugelis or kugel) and potato sausages (vėdarai), as well as the baroque tree cake known as Šakotis. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (Karaite) cuisine – the kibinai are popular in Lithuania. Lithuanian noblemen usually hired French chefs, so French cuisine influence came to Lithuania in this way.[422]
Balts were using mead (midus) for thousands of years.[423] Beer (alus) is the most common alcoholic beverage. Lithuania has a long farmhouse beer tradition, first mentioned in 11th century chronicles. Beer was brewed for ancient Baltic festivities and rituals.[424] Farmhouse brewing survived to a greater extent in Lithuania than anywhere else, and through accidents of history the Lithuanians then developed a commercial brewing culture from their unique farmhouse traditions.[425][426] Lithuania is top 5 by consumption of beer per capita in Europe in 2015, counting 75 active breweries, 32 of them are microbreweries.[427] The microbrewery scene in Lithuania has grown, with a number of bars focusing on these beers opening in Vilnius and other parts of the country.[citation needed]
Eight Lithuanian restaurants are listed in the White Guide Baltic Top 30.[428] The local „30 geriausių restoranų” guide lists top domestic places,[429] and Lithuanian restaurants will appear in the Michelin Guide on 13 June 2024.[430]
Media
[edit]The Constitution of Lithuania provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to promote these freedoms. However, the constitutional definition of freedom of expression does not protect certain acts, such as incitement to national, racial, religious, or social hatred, violence and discrimination, or slander, and disinformation. It is a crime to deny or "grossly trivialize" Soviet or Nazi German crimes against Lithuania or its citizens, or to deny genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes.[431]
In 2021, the best-selling daily national newspapers in Lithuania were Lietuvos rytas (5.4% of all weekly readers), Vakaro žinios (3.2%), Kauno diena (2.9%). Best-selling weekly newspapers were Savaitė (16.5%), Žmonės (8.4%), Prie kavos (4.1%), Savaitgalis (3.9%) and Verslo žinios (3.2%).[432]
In 2021, the most popular national television channels in Lithuania were TV3 (34.6% of the daily audience), LNK (32.3%), Lithuanian National Radio and Television (31.6%), BTV (17.3%), Lietuvos rytas TV (16.2%), TV6 (15.3%).[432]
The most popular radio stations in Lithuania were M-1 (14.5% of daily listeners), Lietus (12.7%), Radiocentras (9.1%) and LRT Radijas (8.5%).[432]
Public holidays and festivals
[edit]As a result of a thousand-years history, Lithuania has two National days. The first one is the Statehood Day on 6 July, marking the establishment of the medieval Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas in 1253. The creation of modern Lithuanian state is commemorated on 16 February as a Lithuanian State Reestablishment Day on which declaration of independence from Russia and Germany was declared in 1918. Joninės (previously known as Rasos) is a public holiday with paganic roots that celebrates a solstice. As of 2018, there are 13 public holidays (which come with a day off).[433]
Kaziuko mugė is an annual fair held since the beginning of the 17th century that commemorates the anniversary of Saint Casimir's death and gathers thousands of visitors and many craftsmen. Other notable festivals are Vilnius International Film Festival, Kauno Miesto Diena, Klaipėda Sea Festival, Mados infekcija, Vilnius Book Fair, Vilnius Marathon, Devilstone Open Air, Apuolė 854, Great Žemaičių Kalvarija Festival.
| Public holidays in Lithuania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Date | English name | Local name | Remarks |
| 1 January | New Year's Day | Naujųjų metų diena | |
| 16 February | Day of Restoration of the State of Lithuania (1918) | Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo diena | |
| 11 March | Day of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania (1990) | Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo diena | |
| Moveable Sunday | Easter Sunday | Šv. Velykos | Commemorates resurrection of Jesus. The first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March. |
| The day after Easter Sunday | Easter Monday | Antroji šv. Velykų diena | |
| 1 May | International Workers' Day | Tarptautinė darbo diena | |
| First Sunday in May | Mother's Day | Motinos diena | |
| First Sunday in June | Father's Day | Tėvo diena | |
| 24 June | St. John's Day / Day of Dew | Joninės / Rasos | Celebrated according to mostly pagan traditions (Midsummer Day, Saint Jonas Day). |
| 6 July | Statehood Day | Valstybės (Lietuvos karaliaus Mindaugo karūnavimo) ir Tautiškos giesmės diena | Celebrates the 1253 coronation of Mindaugas, the first King of Lithuania, and the national anthem of Lithuania. |
| 15 August | Assumption Day | Žolinė (Švč. Mergelės Marijos ėmimo į dangų diena) | Also marked according to pagan traditions, celebrating the goddess Žemyna and noting the mid-August as the middle between summer and autumn. |
| 1 November | All Saints' Day | Visų šventųjų diena | Halloween is increasingly popular and is also informally celebrated on the eve (31 October). |
| 2 November | All Souls' Day | Mirusiųjų atminimo (Vėlinių) diena | |
| 24 December | Christmas Eve | Šv. Kūčios | |
| 25 and 26 December | Christmas Day | Šv. Kalėdos | Commemorates birth of Jesus. |
Sports
[edit]Basketball is the most popular and national sport of Lithuania. The Lithuania national basketball team has won the EuroBasket on three occasions (1937, 1939 and 2003), as well a total of 8 other medals in the Eurobasket, the World Championships and the Olympic Games. 76% of the country's population watched the men's national team games live in 2014.[434] Lithuania hosted the Eurobasket in 1939 and 2011. The historic Lithuanian basketball team BC Žalgiris, from Kaunas, won the European basketball league Euroleague in 1999. Lithuania has produced a number of NBA players, including Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Arvydas Sabonis and Šarūnas Marčiulionis,[435] and current NBA players Jonas Valančiūnas, Domantas Sabonis.[436]
Lithuania has won a total of 26 medals at the Olympic Games, including 6 gold medals in athletics, modern pentathlon, shooting, and swimming. Other Lithuanians won Olympic medals representing Soviet Union. Discus thrower Virgilijus Alekna is the most successful Olympic athlete of independent Lithuania, having won gold medals in the 2000 Sydney and 2004 Athens games, as well as a bronze in 2008 Summer Olympics and numerous World Championship medals. More recently, a gold medal was won by 15-year-old swimmer Rūta Meilutytė at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, and sparked a rise in popularity for the sport in Lithuania.[citation needed]
Lithuania hosted the 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup, the first time Lithuania had hosted a FIFA tournament.[437]
Few Lithuanian athletes have found success in winter sports, although facilities are provided by several ice rinks and skiing slopes, including Snow Arena, the first indoor ski slope in the Baltics.[438] In 2018 Lithuania men's national ice hockey team won gold medals at the 2018 IIHF World Championship Division I.[439]
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^ /ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniə/ LITH-ew-AY-nee-ə;[13] Lithuanian: Lietuva [lʲiətʊˈvɐ]
- ^ Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika [lʲiətʊˈvoːs rʲɛsˈpʊblʲɪkɐ]
- ^ a b Various sources classify Lithuania differently for statistical and other purposes. For example, United Nations,[14] and Eurovoc (which additionally classifies Lithuania as central and eastern European country),[15] among others, classify it as northern Europe. The European Commission, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Columbia Encyclopedia place Lithuania in central Europe.[16][17][18] The CIA World Factbook[19] classifies it as eastern Europe, and Encyclopædia Britannica locates it in northeastern Europe.[20] Usage varies greatly, and controversially,[21] in press sources.
References
[edit]- ^ "Lithuania's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2019" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ "Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas". osp.stat.gov.lt.
- ^ a b c "Population by religious community indicated, municipalities (2021)" (in Lithuanian). Statistics Lithuania. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ a b Kulikauskienė, Lina (2002). Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija [The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania] (in Lithuanian). Native History, CD. ISBN 978-9986-9216-7-7.
- ^ Veser, Ernst (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept – A New Political System Model" (PDF) (in English and Chinese). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne. pp. 39–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
- ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3). Palgrave Macmillan Journals: 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. ISSN 1476-3419.
A pattern similar to the French case of compatible majorities alternating with periods of cohabitation emerged in Lithuania, where Talat-Kelpsa (2001) notes that the ability of the Lithuanian president to influence government formation and policy declined abruptly when he lost the sympathetic majority in parliament.
- ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Pradžia – Oficialiosios statistikos portalas". osp.stat.gov.lt. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Lithuania)". International Monetary Fund. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
- ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2.
- ^ "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)-Geographic Regions". Unstats.un.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ "Lithuania - EU Vocabularies - Publications Office of the EU". op.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ "Lithuania". Europe Direct Strasbourg. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ Lehmann, Alex (29 December 2014). "Lithuania joins the Eurozone". European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ Lagassé, Paul; Columbia University, eds. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5
- ^ "Lithuania". CIA World Factbook. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (10 January 2017). "Why the Baltics Want to Move to Another Part of Europe". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-415-16111-4.
- ^ "Lithuania breaks away from the Soviet Union". The Guardian. London. 12 March 1990. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
Lithuania last night became the first republic to break away from the Soviet Union, by proclaiming the restoration of its pre-war independence. The newly-elected parliament, 'reflecting the people's will,' decreed the restoration of 'the sovereign rights of the Lithuanian state, infringed by alien forces in 1940,' and declared that from that moment Lithuania was again an independent state
- ^ Fernandez, Celia (23 March 2024). "This is the happiest country for Gen Z and millennials, according to The World Happiness Report". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Baranauskas, Tomas (Fall 2009). "On the Origin of the Name of Lithuania". Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. 55 (3). ISSN 0024-5089.
- ^ Vilnius. Key dates Archived 17 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
- ^ Zinkevičius, Zigmas. "Lietuvos vardas". Vle.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ Zigmas Zinkevičius. Kelios mintys, kurios kyla skaitant Alfredo Bumblausko Senosios Lietuvos istoriją 1009-1795m. Voruta, 2005.
- ^ Zinkevičius, Zigmas (30 November 1999). "Lietuvos vardo kilmė". Voruta (in Lithuanian). 3 (669). ISSN 1392-0677. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022.
- ^ Dubonis, Artūras (1998). Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio leičiai: iš Lietuvos ankstyvųjų valstybinių struktūrų praeities Leičiai of Grand Duke of Lithuania: from the past of Lithuanian stative structures (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla.
- ^ Dubonis, Artūras (30 April 2020). "Leičiai | Orbis Lituaniae". LDKistorija.lt (in Lithuanian). Vilnius University. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ Čeponis, Tomas; Sakalauskas, Mindaugas. Leičiai (PDF). Vilnius: Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania. ISBN 978-609-412-143-2. Retrieved 13 July 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Patackas, Algirdas. "Lietuva, Lieta, Leitis, arba ką reiškia žodis "Lietuva"". Lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ^ Sipavičienė, Audra. (1997). International migration in Lithuania : causes, consequences, strategy. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. p. 55. ISBN 9986523397. OCLC 39615701.
- ^ Kudirka, Juozas (1991). The Lithuanians: An Ethnic Portrait. Lithuanian Folk Culture Centre. p. 13.
- ^ Edgar C. Polomé; Werner Winter (2011). Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. Walter de Gruyter. p. 298. ISBN 978-3-11-086792-3.
- ^ Šapoka, Adolfas (1936). Lietuvos istorija (PDF). Kaunas: Šviesa. pp. 13–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Michael H. MacDonald (1996). Europe, a Tantalizing Romance: Past and Present Europe for Students and the Serious Traveler. University Press of America. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7618-0411-6.
- ^ Andres Kasekamp (2017). A History of the Baltic States. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-137-57366-7.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Lithuania (02/08)". U.S. Department of State.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas (1999) Lietuvos Istorija: Nuo Seniausių Laikų iki 1569 Metų (Lithuanian History: From Ancient Times to the Year 1569) Vilnius, page 28, ISBN 5-420-00723-1
- ^ a b Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Mindaugas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Lithuania - History". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 October 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas; Jasas, Rimantas. "Kryžiaus karai Baltijos regione". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b "Traidenis". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Petrauskas, Rimvydas. "Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Gediminaičiai". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Jogailaičiai". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b Jasas, Rimantas. "Liublino unija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Andriulis, Vytautas. "Trečiasis Lietuvos Statutas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Polonizacija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Raila, Eligijus. "ATR nelaimių šimtmetis". Šaltiniai.info. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Kėdainių sutartis". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Lietuvių sukilimas prieš švedus". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "1661 12 03 Vilniaus pilyje kapituliavo rusų įgula". DELFI (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b "January Insurrection". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Lietuva Rusijos imperijos valdymo metais (1795–1914)". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "XX a. pradžioje rusus suerzino paviešinti lietuvių knygnešystės mastai". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). 28 July 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Merkys, Vytautas. "Lietuvių tautinis judėjimas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Lasinskas, Povilas. "Nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimas (1918–1920)". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Miknys, Rimantas. "Józef Piłsudski". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Kauno istorija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b Lasinskas, Povilas. "Lietuvos Respublika 1920–1940". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "Lietuvos istorija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Juodis, Darius. "Jonas Žemaitis". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Ramanauskaitė-Skokauskienė, Auksutė. "Adolfas Ramanauskas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Imogen Bell (2002). Central and South-Eastern Europe 2003. Psychology Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-85743-136-0.
- ^ Martha Brill Olcott (1990). "The Lithuanian Crisis". www.foreignaffairs.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
For over two years Lithuania has been moving toward reclaiming its independence. This drive reached a crescendo on 11 March 1990, when the Supreme Soviet of Lithuania declared the republic no longer bound by Soviet law. The act reasserted the independence Lithuania had declared more than seventy years before, a declaration unilaterally annulled by the U.S.S.R. in 1940 when it annexed Lithuania as the result of a pact between Stalin and Hitler.
- ^ "10 svarbiausių 1991–ųjų sausio įvykių, kuriuos privalote žinoti". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "On This Day 13 January 1991: Bloodshed at Lithuanian TV station". BBC News. 13 January 1991. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ Bill Keller (14 January 1991). "Soviet crackdown; Soviet loyalists in charge after attack in Lithuania; 13 dead; curfew is imposed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
- ^ "Memorial. Medininkai – Cold war sites". coldwarsites.net. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ Richard J. Krickus (June 1997). "Democratization in Lithuania". In K. Dawisha and B. Parrott (ed.). The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-521-59938-2.
- ^ "WTO - Accessions: Lithuania". www.wto.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)". urm.lt. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Membership". urm.lt. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania has joined the Schengen Area". mfa.lt. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ Kropaite, Zivile (1 January 2015). "Lithuania joins Baltic neighbours in euro club". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania officially becomes the 36th OECD member". lrv.lt. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania President Re-elected on Anti-Russian Platform". VOA. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ^ "Lithuania declares state of emergency after Russia invades Ukraine". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Cook, Lorne (24 February 2022). "NATO vows to defend its entire territory after Russia attack". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "2023 NATO Summit". NATO. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "Lithuania". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ Jan S. Krogh. "Other Places of Interest: Central Europe". Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ "Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin – The BACC Project – 22–23 May 2006, Göteborg, Sweden" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ G. Sakalauskiene and G. Ignatavicius (2003). "Research Note: Effect of drought and fires on the quality of water in Lithuanian rivers" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 7 (3): 423–427. Bibcode:2003HESS....7..423S. doi:10.5194/hess-7-423-2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
- ^ "Nida and The Curonian Spit, The Insider's Guide to Visiting". VanLife Tribe. 23 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ "Aplinkos apsaugos įstatymas". e-tar.lt. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "EU climate action". European Commission. 23 November 2016. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Europa suskubo paskui Lietuvą: kuo skiriasi šalių užstato sistemos?". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Gamta". lithuania.travel (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
- ^ Lietuvos gamtinė aplinka, būklė, procesai ir raida (PDF). Vilnius: Aplinkos apsaugos agentūra. 2008. p. 167. ISBN 978-9955-815-27-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvos nacionaliniai parkai". aplinka.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Regioniniai parkai". vstt.lt. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Draustiniai". vstt.lt. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Apie gamtos paveldo objektus". vstt.lt. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Climate Change Performance Index 2018". Climate-change-performance-index.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
- ^ Klimka, Libertas (26 March 2015). "Kodėl gandras – nacionalinis paukštis?". LRT (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ "Storks". Lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Lithuania – Biodiversity Facts". cbd.int. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ "Fauna of Lithuania". TrueLithuania.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ a b (in Lithuanian) Nuo 1991 m. iki šiol paskelbtų referendumų rezultatai Archived 9 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Microsoft Word Document, Seimas. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
- ^ a b "Presidential Functions". lrp.lt. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Rezultatai – Respublikos Prezidento rinkimai 2019". rinkimai.maps.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ "Nausėda claims landslide victory in Lithuania's presidential run-off". lrt.lt. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ^ a b "Seimo rinkimai". lrs.lt. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ Baronienė, Daiva. "Teisę balsuoti Lietuvos moterys gavo vienos pirmųjų pasaulyje". Lzinios.lt. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ Saarts, Tõnis. "Comparative Party System Analysis in Central and Eastern Europe: the Case of the Baltic States" (PDF). Studies of Transition States and Societies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ "Lithuanian parliament amends Constitution to allow direct mayoral elections". lrt.lt. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ^ "Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo rinkimų įstatymas". e-tar.lt. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Rezultatai - vrk.lt". www.vrk.lt. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Lithuania to get new conservative-liberal coalition prime minister". ERR. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania". The Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ "Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidento rinkimų įstatymas". e-tar.lt. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Nausėda claims landslide victory in Lithuania's presidential run-off". lrt.lt. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
- ^ "VRK priėmė svarbius sprendimus artėjančių savivaldybių tarybų rinkimų klausimais" [CEC took important decisions regarding the upcoming election to municipal councils] (in Lithuanian). Central Electoral Commission. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ "Lietuvos Respublikos savivaldybių tarybų rinkimų įstatymas". e-tar.lt. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "2015 m. kovo 1 d. Lietuvos Respublikos savivaldybių tarybų rinkimai". vrk.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "European Parliament 2014". European Parliament Liaison Office with U.S. Congress. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ "Lietuvos Respublikos rinkimų į Europos Parlamentą įstatymas". e-tar.lt. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "2019 m. gegužės 26 d. Europos Parlamento rinkimai". vrk.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ^ a b c Matulienė, Snieguolė; Spruogis, Ernestas. "Lietuvos teisės šaltiniai". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Gegužės trečiosios konstitucija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Gliožaitis, Algirdas. "Neumanno-Sasso byla" [The Case of Neumann-Sass]. Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Lietuvos Konstitucija". lrs.lt. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
- ^ "Nuo 2014 m. sausio 1 d. teisės aktai oficialiai skelbiami Teisės aktų registre". 3.lrs.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ "Nacionalinės teisės aktų derinimo su Europos Sąjungos teise metodiniai nurodymai". etd.lt. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2004.
- ^ "LRT dokumentikos ciklas "Nematoma Lietuvos istorija" – apie valstybės pergalę prieš mafiją". LRT (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
- ^ "Lithuania 2017 Crime & Safety Report". 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
- ^ "Lietuvos policija". policija.lrv.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Užregistruota ir ištirta nusikalstamų veikų (2017 / Sausis – Gruodis)". Ird.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ Lithuania's EU Anti-Corruption Report (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2014. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "Korupcija Lietuvoje: prarandame milijonus, jei ne milijardus". kauno.diena.lt. 7 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
- ^ "Siūlymas grąžinti mirties bausmę pripažintas prieštaraujančiu Konstitucijai". DELFI.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "Kuo mažiau pasitikėjimo, tuo pilnesni kalėjimai: Lietuva kalinių skaičiumi pirmauja". LZINIOS.lt. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ (in Lithuanian) (Republic of Lithuania Annul Law on County Governing) Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Seimas law database, 7 July 2009, Law no. XI-318.
- ^ (in Lithuanian) Justinas Vanagas, Seimo Seimas įteisino tiesioginius merų rinkimus Archived 14 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Delfi.lt, 26 June 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ (in Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos vietos savivaldos įstatymo pakeitimo įstatymas Archived 19 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Seimas law database, 12 October 2000, Law no. VIII-2018. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
- ^ (in Lithuanian) Indrė Makaraitytė, Europos Sąjungos pinigai kaimo neišgelbės, Atgimimas, Delfi.lt, 16 December 2004. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
- ^ "Resident population at the beginning of the year". Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ a b c "BENDRASIS VIDAUS PRODUKTAS PAGAL APSKRITIS 2022 M." osp.stat.gov.lt. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Lithuania's accession to the OECD". OECD. 5 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs: List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Urm.lt. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ^ "Home – Baltic Development Forum". Baltic Development Forum. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Situation of Polish minorities in Lithuania is a discrimination of EU citizens". European Foundation of Human Rights. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ^ "Dyskryminacja Polaków na Litwie. Zbierają pieniądze na grzywnę". Polskie Radio. 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ^ "Walesa declines Lithuanian honour Archived 14 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Radio Poland. 7 September 2011.
- ^ "Valdo Adamkaus bulvaras Gruzijoje". True Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ "Premjeras: Lietuvą ir Gruziją sieja daugiau nei paprasta draugystė". MinistrasPirmininkas.LRV.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ "L. Linkevičius: esame pasirengę remti Gruziją ruošiantis ES Rytų partnerystės viršūnių susitikimui". ua.mfa.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- ^ "V.Adamkus išskrenda į rusų okupuojamą Gruziją". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ "V.Adamkus: mes esame su Gruzija". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
- ^ "Renkamos aukos nukentėjusiems nuo karo Gruzijoje". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ "Bažnyčia ragina nelikti abejingiems karui Gruzijoje". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ Maurer, Andreas; Reichel, Sarah; Jonas, Alexandra. "The Future European Commission The Debate Regarding Leadership, Collegiality and Tasks" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ Hollar, Sherman (1 June 2012). "Dalia Grybauskaite president of Lithuania". Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia elected to serve on UN Security Council". Un.org. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Lithuania calls UN Security Council meeting on Ukraine". Uatoday.tv. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ^ Lankininkaitė, Rūta. "Ukrainiečiai: Lietuva – mums pavyzdys". DELFI, LRT. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ "The Baltic 'Iron Lady': Putin's solitary foe". Politico.eu. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ^ "Prestigious Peace of Westphalia Prize – for Lithuania and the Baltic states". Lrp.lt. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ^ "EU condemning Turkey is only the beginning, says Lithuanian Foreign Minister". LRT RADIJAS. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ^ Lau, Stuart; Moens, Barbara (16 December 2021). "China's trade attack on Lithuania exposes EU's powerlessness". politico.eu. Politico. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "China blocking EU imports with Lithuanian components over Taiwan row, says Brussels". Euronews. 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Intelligence warns of Chinese services' increased attention to Lithuania's internal affair". www.baltictimes.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ "Lithuania to host 2023 NATO summit, first event 'of such a scale'". Lrt.lt. 15 June 2021. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ IISS (2019). The Military Balance 2019. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5.
- ^ "Conscription notices to be sent to 37,000 men in Lithuania". DELFI. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ "LR Krašto apsaugos ministerija". 31 May 2024.
- ^ "2024 training cycle for the Ukrainian military begins: Lithuanian instructors depart for Operation Interflex | Lithuanian army".
- ^ (in Lithuanian) In remembrance Archived 18 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Kariuomene.kam.lt. Retrieved on 24 December 2011.
- ^ "White Paper Lithuanian defence policy" (PDF). Kam.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2013-2020)" (PDF). NATO. 16 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania's president calls for more NATO troops". WTVB. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF.
- ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk". Datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "GDP – composition, by sector of origin". Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "7 Invitees – Lithuania". Nato.int. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "EUROPA – EU member countries in brief – European Union". Europa.eu. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania in the Schengen area – Coming to Lithuania – Travel and Residence – Ministry of Foreign Affairs". 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "ISO Currency – ISO 4217 Amendment Number 159". Currency Code Services – ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency. SIX Interbank Clearing. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ "Lithuanian export map". Enterpriselithuania.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ "Where does Lithuania export to? (2016)". Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania Exports of goods and services % of GDP 1988–2017". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Lithuanian Macroeconomic Review No 58" (PDF). SEB. December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ ""Lietuvos makroekonomikos apžvalga" nr. 62". SEB. April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ "REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA. 2017 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION—PRESS RELEASE AND STAFF REPORT" (PDF). IMF. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Tiesioginės užsienio investicijos Lietuvoje pagal šalį – Lietuvos bankas". 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018.
- ^ Dencik, Jacob; Spee, Roel (July 2018). "Global Location Trends – 2018 Annual Report: Getting ready for Globalization 4.0" (PDF). IBM Institute for Business Value. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
Ireland continues to lead the world for attracting high-value investment, generating substantial inward investment with strengths in key high-value sectors such as ICT, financial and business services and life sciences. But Singapore is now a close second, with Lithuania and Switzerland right behind.
- ^ "Lithuania FDI skyrockets in 2017". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "Lithuanian exports which grew most across Europe last year will beat value records this year". www.verslilietuva.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Ieškodami darbuotojų jau verčiasi per galvą: net tokiomis algomis nepavyksta sugundyti". delfi.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- ^ "Emigracija smogia negailestingai: Lietuvoje vis labiau trūksta darbuotojų – DELFI Verslas". 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "Ekonomistai įspėja: virš Lietuvos kaupiasi debesys". 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania: Unemployment rate from 2007 to 2017". Statista.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ "UBS Global Wealth Databook 2023" (PDF). UBS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. See table 3-1 for all countries, on pages 119-122, for mean and median wealth, Gini coefficient, distribution of adults (%) by wealth range, and number of adults. All of that info (except the Gini coefficient) is also in table 2-2 on pages 109-112. See the end of table 2-2 on page 112 for regional numbers. Page 4 mentions "46 countries lacking sufficient suitable data for wealth estimation". Pages 20-24 (table 2-1) then feature estimates for GDP per adult for said countries, with wealth data quality characterized as "n.a." (not available).
- ^ "Darbo užmokestis šalyje". osp.stat.gov.lt. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ "Taxation trends in the European Union" (PDF). Eurostat. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ "Pramoniniai parkai ir LEZ". ukmin.lrv.lt. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ Samuolis, Gediminas (2017). Informacinės technologijos Lietuvoje (PDF). Vilnius: Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania Registered 35 New Fintech Companies in 2017". Crowdfundinsider.com. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ "Lithuanian Institutions Enhance Focus on New Financial Technologies and Fintech Sector Development in Lithuania". finmin.lrv.lt. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ Milda Šeputytė; Jeremy Kahn (21 December 2018). "Google Payment Expands With E-Money License From Lithuania". www.bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
Google Payment, a company owned by Alphabet Inc., obtained an e-money license in Lithuania, joining a growing number of fintech firms that have secured permission from the Baltic nation to offer financial services across the European Union.
- ^ Kostaki, Irene (31 January 2018). "Lithuania debuts as EU gateway for global blockchain industry". Neweurope.eu. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
The Lithuanian capital Vilnius launched Europe's first international Blockchain Centre on January 27, making it the EU's only hub for the digital ledger. The new hub will help Europe connect with partner Blockchain Centres in Australia, China, Canada, the UK, Belgium, Denmark, Georgia, Gibraltar, Ukraine, Israel, and Latvia.
- ^ "Crypto license in Lithuania - Cryptocurrency license". AdamSmith. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ^ Jurginis, J. "Arimo įrankių reikšmė žemdirbystės sistemoms" (PDF). lad.lt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Law on Product Safety". e-seimas.lrs.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Law on Food". e-seimas.lrs.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Žemės ir maisto ūkio 2016 metų apžvalga" (PDF). zum.lrv.lt. pp. 1–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Veiklos ataskaita, 2016 m." (PDF). ekoagros.lt. pp. 1–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Ulrich Walter (2008). Astronautics. Wiley-VCH. p. 44. ISBN 978-3-527-40685-2.
- ^ "Kazimieras Simonavičius". Kazimieras Simonavičius University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ Kajėnas, Kostas; Stankevičius, Martynas (21 June 2022). "Theodoras von Grotthussas. Garsiausias Lietuvos mokslininkas, pralenkęs laiką". Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Lietuvos kronika 1993 – 16 (1674) Marija Alseikaitė – Gimbutienė". LRT (in Lithuanian). 15 September 1993. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Bulota, Šarūnas. "Garsiausia pasaulio orangutanų tyrinėtoja Birutė Galdikas: "Lietuvių kultūra – mano kraujyje"". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ^ "Arvydas Kliorė". yrasalis.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "Biografija – A. J. Greimas". greimas.eu (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "STAR (Self-Testing And Repairing) computer". Daviddarling.info. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Iš Vilniaus universiteto istorijos, 1955–1990" (PDF). 5 November 1995. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania, a leading light in laser technology – Digital Single Market". 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018.
- ^ "Daugiausiai inovacijų lietuviai sukūrė gyvybės mokslų srityje". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ "Light Conversion – About Us". lightcon.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ "Įgyvendinta svajonė sukėlė perversmą pasaulinėje lazerių rinkoje". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ "Lietuviai sukūrė vieną galingiausių lazerių pasaulyje". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ "Vilniaus astrofotometrinė sistema". astronomija.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "Finalist for the European Inventor Award 2016". m.epo.org/. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Sarah Zhang (10 April 2015). "The Battle Over Genome Editing Gets Science All Wrong". Wired. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ Giorgia Guglielmi (31 May 2015). "Million-dollar Kavli prize recognizes scientist scooped on CRISPR". Nature. 558 (7708): 17–18. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05308-5. PMID 29872189. S2CID 46949947.
- ^ Rutkauskas, Adomas (23 June 2017). "Į kosmosą pakilo trečiasis Lietuvos palydovas". lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ "Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology". Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "First Baltic Space Activities Roundtable" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania becomes eighth ESA Cooperating State". Esa.int. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Vienintelis Lietuvos kosmonautas R.Stankevičius tėvynės neiškeitė į vietą raketoje". DELFI. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ "Lithuania becomes Associate Member State of CERN". home.cern. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ "Davos: Final decision on CERN business incubation centers in Lithuania". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
- ^ "Life Sciences Center. Lithuania". Gmc.vu.lt. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Center For Physical Sciences and Technology. Lithuania". Ftmc.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "The life science industry in Lithuania" (PDF). Flandersinvestmentandtrade.com. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "R&D in Lithuania". investlithuania.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "Lithuanian Innovation Center". lic.lt. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ Lietuvos ekonomikos ilgalaikio konkurencingumo iššūkiai (PDF). Lietuvos mokslo taryba. 2015. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "European Innovation Scoreboard". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. doi:10.34667/tind.50062. ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Indicators of accommodation". State Data Agency. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ "Turizmas Lietuvoje 2016" (PDF). tourism.lt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Widawski, Krzysztof; Wyrzykowski, Jerzy (24 January 2017). The Geography of Tourism of Central and Eastern European Countries. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-42205-3. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ "Fatbirder. Lithuania". Fatbirder.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ "TRAVEL & TOURISM ECONOMIC IMPACT 2017 LITHUANIA" (PDF). Wttc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Viceministras tikina, kad "Michelin" įvertinimas prisidės prie šalies turizmo sektoriaus atsigavimo". Lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). 23 May 2024. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Lietuvos gyventojų skaičius sumažėjo dar 40 tūkstančių". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvoje – 3 mln. gyventojų ir 5 mln. mobiliojo ryšio naudotojų – DELFI Mokslas". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Ryšio kokybės žemėlapis rodo: du operatoriai lygūs, trečias – iš paskos". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ "Laidinio ryšio telefonams gresia išnykimas?". Delfi.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Speedtest Global Index – Monthly comparisons of internet speeds from around the world". Speedtest.net. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "E-Participation Index". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "Data Center". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "Uptime Institute. Country: Lithuania, Tier Level: Tier III". Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Colocation Lithuania – Data Centers". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Strategic project for Lithuania RAIN-2 won the international award". Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "RAIN project in Lithuania". Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Internet access and use statistics – households and individuals – Statistics Explained". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania eCommerce will nearly triple its online shoppers in 4 years". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "• Lithuania: smartphone user penetration 2015–2022 – Forecast". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Breaking news from the FTTH Conference 2016: Croatia, Germany and Poland join the FTTH ranking" (PDF). Ftthcouncil.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Geležinkelių infrastruktūra". Infrastructure.litrail.lt. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ "Freight transport statistics – Statistics Explained". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Antitrust: Commission fines Lithuanian Railways €28 million for hindering competition on rail freight market". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania is ready to implement transport investment project of a strategic importance – Ministry of Transport and Communications". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Largest Fleet Order from Eastern Europe for Mercedes-Benz Trucks in Its History: Major order of 1,000 Mercedes-Benz Actros by Girteka Logistics – Daimler Global Media Site". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Record breaking agreement for Volvo Trucks – Volvo Group". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Freight transport statistics – Statistics Explained". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
- ^ "The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018" (PDF). p. 185. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvos automobilių kelių direkcija prie Susisiekimo ministerijos". 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018.
- ^ "Short Sea". shortsea.lt. 19 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics – Statistics Explained". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "File:Top 20 container ports in 2015 - on the basis of volume of containers handled in (1000 TEUs).png – Statistics Explained". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Riga and Klaipėda included in TOP-10 ports in Baltic Sea Region by container turnover :: The Baltic Course – Baltic States news & analytics". Baltic-course.com. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "2016 – a better year for most of the Top 10 Baltic container ports" (PDF). 4 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Klaipėda outer port to be constructed – port.today". 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Reviving Lithuania's inland waterways to cut emissions". European Investment Bank. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ "Lithuania: EIB advisory services support green inland cargo shipping". European Investment Bank. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Will there be an intermodal connection between Kaunas and Hamburg? The Port of Hamburg and Klaipeda will co-develop new logistics routes | RAILTARGET". www.railtarget.cz. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "The Lithuanian Airports Have Presented the Results for the Year 2016: the Number of Passengers Has Surged to Record Levels of 4.8 Million". 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ "Kauno oro uoste įvykdytas pirmas reguliarus krovininis reisas". Kaunozinios.lt. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Marvelės uostą pasiekė pirmasis krovinys!". klaipeda.diena.lt (in Lithuanian). 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ "Lithuania's Energy Sector Development Trends" (PDF). Lsta.lt. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ "National Energy Independence Strategy" (PDF). Gamyba.le.lt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Andrei Ozharovsky, Maria Kaminskaya and Charles Digges (12 January 2010). "Lithuania shuts down Soviet-era NPP, but being a nuclear-free nation is still under question". Bellona.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010.
- ^ "Nuclear Power in Lithuania – Lithuanian Nuclear Energy – World Nuclear Association". World-nuclear.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Kruonio hidroakumuliacinė elektrinė > Veikla". 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Litgrid". www.litgrid.eu. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ "Annual Report on Electricity and Natural Gas Markets of the Republic of Lithuania to the European Commission". Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Questions and answers on the synchronisation of the Baltic States' electricity networks with the continental European network (CEN)". 28 June 2018. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "File:Table 1-Share of renewables in gross inland energy consumption 2016.png – Statistics Explained". 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018.
- ^ Sheppard, David (21 August 2017). "Lithuania becomes first ex-Soviet state to buy US natural gas". Financial Times (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania breaks Gazprom's monopoly by signing first LNG deal". Euractiv.com (in Lithuanian). 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ "Klaipėda LNG terminal Factsheet" (PDF). Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Klaipėda LNG Terminal one year on – independence or responsibility?". Lrt.lt. 11 November 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Česnys, G. (1991). "Anthropological roots of the Lithuanians". Science, Arts and Lithuania. 1: 4–10.
- ^ akad. Rimantas Jankauskas (6 May 2018). "Mokslo ekspresas": tūkstantmečiai kapai atskleidžia Lietuvos priešistorės paslaptis (Video) (in Lithuanian). Event occurs at 04:06. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ Alissa Mittnik; Chuan-Chao Wang; Saskia Pfrengle; Mantas Daubaras; Gunita Zariņa; Fredrik Hallgren; Raili Allmäe; Valery Khartanovich; Vyacheslav Moiseyev; Mari Tõrv; Anja Furtwängler; Aida Andrades Valtueña; Michal Feldman; Christos Economou; Markku Oinonen; Andrejs Vasks; Elena Balanovska; David Reich; Rimantas Jankauskas; Wolfgang Haak; Stephan Schiffels; Johannes Krause (2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 442. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..442M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9. PMC 5789860. PMID 29382937.
- ^ Daiva Ambrasienė, Vaidutis Kučinskas (2003). "Genetic variability of the Lithuanian human population according to Y chromosome microsatellite markers" (PDF). Ekologija. 1: 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ^ Dalia Kasperavičiūtė and Vaidutis Kučinskas (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis in the Lithuanian Population" (PDF). Acta Medica Lituanica. 11 (1): 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008.
- ^ D Kasperaviciūte, V Kucinskas and M Stoneking (2004). "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians" (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 5): 438–52. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. S2CID 26562505. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "The population of Lithuania (edition 2022)". Statistics Lithuania. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Eurostat". eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas".
- ^ a b c "Lietuvos Respublikos 2021 m. gyventojų ir būstų surašymo rezultatai. Tautybė, gimtoji kalba ir tikyba". osp.stat.gov.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Lithuanian Security and Foreign Policy" (PDF). Tspmi.vu.lt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ "The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire". Eki.ee. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ^ "Karaimai Lietuvoje" (in Lithuanian). Department of Statistics of Lithuania. 15 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania, National Minorities". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Population by command of languages in municipality". Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ "Employees fluent in three languages – it's the norm in Lithuania". Invest Lithuania. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "Cities and Regions of the Future 2018/19" (PDF). Fdiintelligence.com. p. 57,73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "FDi's Global Cities of the Future 2021/22 — overall winners". fDi Intelligence. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2022/23" (PDF). fDi Intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2023" (PDF). fDi Intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Resident population by city/town as of 1 July". State Data Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ Health Care Systems in Transition – Lithuania (PDF). 2000. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "The Healthcare System in Lithuania". healthmanagement.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Life expectancy at birth - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ "Infant mortality rate - Total". UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Suicide rates. Data by country". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ "Pradeda veikti Savižudybių prevencijos biuras" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Radio and Television. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- ^ Health Care Systems in Transition (PDF). WHO. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ "Compulsory Health Insurance Contributions". VLK. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ "Accessing healthcare in Lithuania". NHS Choices. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ Comparing Hospital and Health Prices and Volumes Internationally. Eurostat. 6 August 2014. p. 28. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvos gyventojø religijos ir jø paplitimas" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ "United Methodists evangelize in Lithuania with ads, brochures". Umc.org. 11 August 2006. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "Krišnos sąmonės judėjimas". Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
- ^ Arūnas Bubnys (2004). "Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Their Results". The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews. Rodopi. pp. 218–219. ISBN 978-90-420-0850-2. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ^ "Lithuania". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Population at the beginning of the year by ethnicity". Statistics Lithuania. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Dundzila (2007), pp. 279, 296–298.
- ^ Dundzila and Strmiska (2005), p. 247.
- ^ Ignatow (2007), p. 104.
- ^ Dundzila and Strmiska (2005), p. 244.
- ^ "Lietuvos gyventojai pagal tikybą 2001 m. – religija.lt". Religija.lt. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "GYVENTOJAI PAGAL TAUTYBĘ, GIMTĄJĄ KALBĄ IR TIKYBĄ: Lietuvos Respublikos 2011 metų visuotinio gyventojų ir būstų surašymo rezultatai" (PDF). Ops.stat.gov.lt. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ Tomas Venclova. "FOUR CENTURIES OF ENLIGHTENMENT: A Historic View of the University of Vilnius, 1579–1979". Lituanus.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania came into force on 2 November 1992". Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ "Education in Lithuania" (PDF). European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ a b "Education and Training Monitor 2017. Lithuania" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "ICT at a Glance" (PDF). World Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ "Upper secondary education in EU". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ "Population with tertiary education". data.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
- ^ "Population with tertiary education". data.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "Education at a glance 2017. Lithuania" (PDF). gpseducation.oecd.org. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ Seime, Mantas Adomėnas, TS-LKD frakcijos narys. "M. Adomėnas. Lietuvos švietimas: ką daryčiau kitaip?". Delfi.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Mokyklose prasideda neterminuotas mokytojų streikas". Delfi.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Mokytojų streikas pavyko". Dienraštis Vakaru ekspresas. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Mokytojų streikas: svarbiausi faktai". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Mokytojų streikas tęsiasi 110 ugdymo įstaigų". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvos dėstytojai bei mokslininkai atvirai prabilo, kaip prisiduria prie algos". Tv3.lt. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "PISA 2009 Results: Executive Summary" (PDF). Oecd.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Pisa 2015: Results in Focus" (PDF). Oecd.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Lithuania, Academic Career Structure". European University Institute. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ "Alfa.lt – Universitetų reforma – "darbas ant durniaus"". 13 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
- ^ "Pristatyta aukštųjų mokyklų tinklo pertvarka". 13 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
- ^ "Vyriausybė pritarė universitetų pertvarkos planui – Diena.lt". 13 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
- ^ "Seimas po svarstymo pritarė valstybinių universitetų pertvarkos planui – DELFI". 13 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
- ^ "Seimas pritarė 3 universitetų sujungimui: formuojamas naujas darinys – DELFI". 13 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018.
- ^ Z. Zinkevičius (1993). Rytų Lietuva praeityje ir dabar. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. p. 9. ISBN 978-5-420-01085-3.
...linguist generally accepted that Lithuanian language is the most archaic among live Indo-European languages...
- ^ "THE IMPORTANCE OF LITHUANIAN FOR INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTICS". Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ Chapman, Siobhan; Routledge, Christopher (2005). Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-518768-7. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ "Why Lithuanian Accentuation Mattered to Saussure" (PDF). Lel.ed.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "Remembering Vladimir Toporov". Lituanus.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Lietuvių kalbos tarmės". Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Dr. Juozas Pabrėža: "Stipriausia kalba Lietuvoje yra žemaičių"". santarve.lt. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
- ^ "Vaišnoras Simonas (Varniškis) apie 1545 – †1600 XI 16". Varniai-museum.lt. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ Šlekonytė, Jūratė. "Lietuvių tautosakos populiarintojas Jonas Jablonskis" (PDF). llti.lt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
- ^ Radvanas, Jonas. "Radivilias, sive De vita, et rebus praeclarissime gestis immortalis memoriae". theeuropeanlibrary.org. ex officina Ioannis Kartzani. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ^ Dambrauskaitė, Ramunė (1995). A Latin Funeral Oration From Vilnius (1594). Leuven: Leuven University Press, Humanistica Lovaniensia. p. 253. ISBN 978-90-6186-680-0. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
- ^ a b Institute of Lithuanian Scientific Society. "Lithuanian Classic Literature". Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
- ^ "Lithuanian Baroque architecture" (PDF). kpd.lt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Vilniaus barokas". iVilnius.lt. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Vilnius Historic Centre". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvos dvarų duomenų bazė". heritage.lt. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Ethnographic settlements of Lithuania" (PDF). kpd.lt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Kaunas of 1919–1940, Lithuania". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "History of the Lithuanian Art Museum". Ldm.lt. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ "Tartle". tartle.lt. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
The Art Centre TARTLE opened in Užupis district in Vilnius will provide an opportunity to get acquainted with Lithuanian art treasures and historical artefacts from cultural heritage of the pagan times to the contemporary art. The target of the collection and the art centre is not only to collect and bring back to homeland the Lithuanian cultural and historical heritage scattered all over the world..
- ^ "Lietuvos tapyba". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Teatras". lrkm.lrv.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Sirenos". sirenos.lt. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "FESTIVALIS "TheATRIUM"". kldt.lt. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Festivalis "Nerk į teatrą"". dramosteatras.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Nariai". teatrosajunga.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Oskaras Koršunovas". Okt.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Kino Lietuvoje istorija". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Faktai ir statistika". lkc.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ "Sutartinės, Lithuanian multipart songs". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ "Anthology of Lithuanian ethnoculture". Lnkc.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Operos dieną Valdovų rūmuose vainikuos pasaulinis šedevras – K. Monteverdžio opera "Orfėjas"". valdovurumai.lt. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ "Painting | M. K. Čiurlionis". ciurlionis.eu. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ Murauskaitė, Rasa. "Trys meilės chorui dešimtmečiai. Pokalbis su Vaclovu Augustinu". 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
- ^ "Lithuanian Song Festival". DainuSvente.lt. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (PDF). UNESCO. 2005. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Street Music Day". gmd.lt. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "The Modern Music of Lithuania: Past & Present". Mic.lt. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "Jazz in Lithuania". Vilniusjazz.lt. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ Sinitsyna, Olga (1999). CENSORSHIP IN THE SOVIET UNION AND ITS CULTURAL AND PROFESSIONAL RESULTS FOR ARTS AND ART LIBRARIES (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ Tilvikaitė, Patricija. "Ir lietuviškas rokas padėjo Lietuvai atkurti Nepriklausomybę". Universitetozurnalistas.kf.vu.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- ^ "A. Mamontovas: "Roko maršai" buvo toks įrankis, koks dabar yra internetas". Kauno diena / LRT (in Lithuanian). 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
- ^ "Ukmergės karinis miestelis". Autc.lt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ "Knyga "Antiška" (II dalis): iki "Anties" lietuviai nežinojo, kas yra zombis (ištrauka, video)". Lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ Bacanskas, Benas (19 December 2014). "Dainos teatras – Kolorado vabalai (1991-12-25)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ "A. Mamontovas: padėsime galutinį tašką "Foje" istorijoje – LRT". LRT (in Lithuanian). 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ "A. Mamontovas: populiarumą išnaudoju geriems darbams". LRT (in Lithuanian). 31 October 2015. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
- ^ Marijonas Mikutavičius – Trys milijonai on YouTube
- ^ "Marijonas Mikutavičius, Mantas, Mia – Nebetyli sirgaliai". YouTube. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Tradicinė lietuviška virtuvė". DELFI. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ "Lietuvos virtuvė". maistologija.wordpress.com (in Lithuanian). 7 August 2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "The only guide to Lithuanian cuisine you will ever need". Urbanadventures.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "LITHUANIAN TRADITIONAL FOODS – BREAD". Lnkc.lt. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "Kokią įtaką Lietuvos virtuvei padarė prancūzai?". 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ Astrauskas, Antanas (2008). Per barzdą varvėjo: svaigiųjų gėrimų istorija Lietuvoje. Vilnius: Baltos lankos. ISBN 978-9955-23-141-7.
- ^ "Alus – apeiginis baltų gėrimas" (PDF). Llti.lt. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ "Lithuanian beer – A rough guide" (PDF). Garshol.priv.no. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ "Trying to understand Lithuanian beer". Garshol.priv.no. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Beer statistics – 2016 edition" (PDF). Brewersofeurope.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "The best restaurants in the Nordics". Whiteguide-nordic.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ Laurinavičienė, Beatričė; Budreikienė, Jovita (28 July 2023). "Paskelbti 30 geriausių Lietuvos restoranų, pirmoje vietoje – "Gaspar's"". Verslo žinios (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ Laurinavičienė, Beatričė (11 April 2024). ""Michelin" gido įvertinti restoranai – ir Lietuvoje". Verslo žinios (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017". State.gov. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ a b c "Annual Review of Media Surveys 2021" (PDF). Kantar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "National Holidays". Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinės kovas šįmet matė per 2 mln. televizijos žiūrovų". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame – Hall of Famers Index". Hoophall.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "NBA rosters feature record 113 international players from 41 countries and territories" (Press release). National Basketball Association. 25 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Three cities set to host the FIFA Futsal World Cup Lithuania 2021™". www.fifa.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Žiemos sportas Lietuvoje – podukros vietoje". Kauno.diena.lt (in Lithuanian). 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Jie tai padarė! Lietuviai žaibiškai atsitiesė po šalto dušo ir iškovojo istorinį titulą". 15min.lt. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
External links
[edit]
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Government
- The Lithuanian President Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the President of the Republic of Lithuania
- The Lithuanian Parliament Archived 31 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania
- The Lithuanian Government Archived 6 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania
- Statistics Lithuania Archived 5 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of Department of Statistics to the Government of Lithuania
- Lithuania – Real is Beautiful Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine – The Official Travel Guide by the Lithuanian National Tourism Development Agency
- General information
- The Baltic States and geopolitics Archived 25 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Lithuania Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine – Lithuanian internet gates
- Lithuania Archived 22 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Lithuania. CIA Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Lithuania from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Lithuania Archived 4 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Lithuania
- Other
- Key Development Forecasts for Lithuania Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine from International Futures
- Heraldry Archived 18 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine of Lithuania
Geographic data related to Lithuania at OpenStreetMap
| History |
|  | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geography | ||||||||||
| Politics |
| |||||||||
| Economy | ||||||||||
| Society |
| |||||||||
| History |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Geography | ||
| Politics | ||
| Economy | ||
| Sport | ||
Member states of the European Union | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Members |
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organization | |||||||||||
| Culture | |||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
.png){kind=link}
.png){kind=link}
- Lithuania
- Baltic states
- Countries in Europe
- Member states of NATO
- Member states of the European Union
- Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
- Member states of the United Nations
- Member states of the Three Seas Initiative
- Republics
- States and territories established in 1918
- States and territories established in 1990
- OECD members