Tapirus

Tapirus; Temporal range: 16–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Miocene – Recent
	South American tapir, a type species of Tapirus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Tapiridae
Genus:	Tapirus; Brisson, 1762
Type species
	Hippopotamus terrestris; (=today is Tapirus terrestris); Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	T. bairdii; T. indicus; T. pinchaque; T. terrestris; For extinct species, see text
Synonyms
	About 12 Acrocodia Goldman, 1913 (also as an independent genus or subgenus) ; Chinchecus Trouessart, 1898 ; Cinchacus Gray, 1873 ; Elasmognathus Gill, 1865 ; Hydrochoerus Gray, 1821 (nomen nudum) ; Pinchacus Hershkovitz, 1954 (also as an subgenus of Tapirus) ; Rhinochoerus Wagler, 1830 ; Syspotamus Billburg, 1827 ; Tapir Blumenbach, 1779 ; Tapyra Liais, 1872 ; Tapirella Palmer, 1903 (also as an subgenus of Tapirus) ; Tapirussa Frisch, 1775;

Tapirus is a genus of tapir which contains the living tapir species. The Malayan tapir is usually included in Tapirus as well, although some authorities have moved it into its own genus, Acrocodia.^[2]

Extant species

Common name	Scientific name	Distribution
Baird's tapir (also called the Central American tapir)	Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865)	Mexico, Central America and northwestern South America.
South American tapir (also called the Brazilian tapir or lowland tapir)	Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)	Venezuela, Colombia, and the Guianas in the north to Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay in the south, to Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador in the West
Mountain tapir (also called the woolly tapir)	Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin, 1829)	Eastern and Central Cordilleras mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, and the far north of Peru.
Malayan tapir (also called the Asian tapir, Oriental tapir or Indian tapir)	Tapirus indicus (Desmarest, 1819)	Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand

The Kabomani tapir was at one point recognized as another living member of the genus, but is now considered to be nested within T. terrestris.^[4]^[5]

Evolution

The genus Tapirus first appeared during the Middle Miocene (around 16-10 million years ago), known fossils in both Europe (T. telleri) and North America (T. johnsoni and T. polkensis).^[6] The youngest tapir in Europe, Tapirus arvernensis became extinct at the end of the Pliocene, around 2.6 million years ago.^[7] Tapirus dispersed into South America during the Early Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange, around 2.6-1 million years ago.^[8]

Tapirs suffered considerable extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene, and went completely extinct north of southern Mexico.

Fossil species

†Tapirus arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828
†Tapirus augustus Matthew & Granger, 1923 - Formerly Megatapirus
†Tapirus californicus Merriam, 1912
†Tapirus cristatellus Winge, 1906
†Tapirus greslebini Rusconi, 1934
†Tapirus haysii Simpson, 1945
†Tapirus johnsoni Schultz et al., 1975
†Tapirus lundeliusi Hulbert, 2010
†Tapirus merriami Frick, 1921
†Tapirus mesopotamicus Ferrero & Noriega, 2007
†Tapirus oliverasi Ubilla, 1983 - Invalid^[9]^[10]
†Tapirus polkensis Olsen, 1860
†Tapirus rioplatensis Cattoi, 1957
†Tapirus rondoniensis Holanda et al., 2011
†Tapirus sanyuanensis Huang & Fang, 1991^[11]
†Tapirus simpsoni Schultz et al., 1975
†Tapirus sinensis Owen, 1870^[11]
†Tapirus tarijensis Ameghino, 1902
†Tapirus veroensis Sellards, 1918
†Tapirus webbi Hulbert, 2005

References

^ ^a ^b Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 633. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hulbert, Richard C. (2010). "A new early Pleistocene tapir (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a review of Blancan tapirs from the state" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 49 (3): 67–126. doi:10.58782/flmnh.ezjr9001.
^ Ruiz-García, Manuel; Castellanos, Armando; Bernal, Luz Agueda; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Kaston, Franz; Shostell, Joseph M. (2016-03-01). "Mitogenomics of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque, Tapiridae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in Colombia and Ecuador: Phylogeography and insights into the origin and systematics of the South American tapirs". Mammalian Biology. 81 (2): 163–175. Bibcode:2016MamBi..81..163R. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.11.001. ISSN 1616-5047.
^ "All About the Terrific Tapir | Tapir Specialist Group". Tapir Specialist Group. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
^ Pandolfi, Luca; Sorbelli, Leonardo; Oms, Oriol; Rodriguez-Salgado, Pablo; Campeny, Gerard; de Soler, Bruno Gómez; Grandi, Federica; Agustí, Jordi; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (2023-01). "The Tapirus from Camp dels Ninots (NE Iberia): implications for morphology, morphometry and phylogeny of Neogene Tapiridae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2250117. ISSN 1477-2019. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Cirilli, Omar; Pandolfi, Luca; Bernor, Raymond L. (December 2020). "The Villafranchian perissodactyls of Italy: knowledge of the fossil record and future research perspectives". Geobios. 63: 1–21. Bibcode:2020Geobi..63....1C. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.001. S2CID 228974817.
^ Holanda, Elizete Celestino; Ferrero, Brenda Soledad (March 2013). "Reappraisal of the Genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae): Systematics and Phylogenetic Affinities of the South American Tapirs". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9196-z. hdl:11336/18792. S2CID 15780542.
^ Holanda, E.C.; Ferrero, B.S. (2012). "Reappraisal of the Genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae): Systematics and Phylogenetic Affinities of the South American Tapirs". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20: 33–44. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9196-z. hdl:11336/18792. S2CID 254697945.
^ Holanda, E.C.; Rincón, A.D. (2012). "Tapirs from the Pleistocene of Venezuela". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (3): 463–473. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0001. S2CID 54846719.
^ ^a ^b Tong, H. (2002). "On fossil remains of Early Pleistocene tapir (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Fanchang, Anhui". Chinese Science Bulletin. 47 (7): 586–590. Bibcode:2002ChSBu..47..586T. doi:10.1360/02tb9135. S2CID 128416226.

[MSW-1] Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 633. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[UT-2] Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-26.

[Hulbert,_2010-3] Hulbert, Richard C. (2010). "A new early Pleistocene tapir (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a review of Blancan tapirs from the state" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 49 (3): 67–126. doi:10.58782/flmnh.ezjr9001.

[:1-4] Ruiz-García, Manuel; Castellanos, Armando; Bernal, Luz Agueda; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Kaston, Franz; Shostell, Joseph M. (2016-03-01). "Mitogenomics of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque, Tapiridae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in Colombia and Ecuador: Phylogeography and insights into the origin and systematics of the South American tapirs". Mammalian Biology. 81 (2): 163–175. Bibcode:2016MamBi..81..163R. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.11.001. ISSN 1616-5047.

[5] "All About the Terrific Tapir | Tapir Specialist Group". Tapir Specialist Group. Retrieved 2018-12-01.

[6] Pandolfi, Luca; Sorbelli, Leonardo; Oms, Oriol; Rodriguez-Salgado, Pablo; Campeny, Gerard; de Soler, Bruno Gómez; Grandi, Federica; Agustí, Jordi; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (2023-01). "The Tapirus from Camp dels Ninots (NE Iberia): implications for morphology, morphometry and phylogeny of Neogene Tapiridae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2250117. ISSN 1477-2019. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[7] Cirilli, Omar; Pandolfi, Luca; Bernor, Raymond L. (December 2020). "The Villafranchian perissodactyls of Italy: knowledge of the fossil record and future research perspectives". Geobios. 63: 1–21. Bibcode:2020Geobi..63....1C. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.001. S2CID 228974817.

[:0-8] Holanda, Elizete Celestino; Ferrero, Brenda Soledad (March 2013). "Reappraisal of the Genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae): Systematics and Phylogenetic Affinities of the South American Tapirs". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9196-z. hdl:11336/18792. S2CID 15780542.

[Holanda-9] Holanda, E.C.; Ferrero, B.S. (2012). "Reappraisal of the Genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae): Systematics and Phylogenetic Affinities of the South American Tapirs". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20: 33–44. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9196-z. hdl:11336/18792. S2CID 254697945.

[10] Holanda, E.C.; Rincón, A.D. (2012). "Tapirs from the Pleistocene of Venezuela". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (3): 463–473. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0001. S2CID 54846719.

[Tong-11] Tong, H. (2002). "On fossil remains of Early Pleistocene tapir (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Fanchang, Anhui". Chinese Science Bulletin. 47 (7): 586–590. Bibcode:2002ChSBu..47..586T. doi:10.1360/02tb9135. S2CID 128416226.

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